Chapter 9 S.A. 2-9, optional exercises 5-19

S.A.
2. This man leads that maiden into marriage.
3. I give the palm branch of victory to this plan.
4. We truly love the courage of that man.
5. Only you are able to help this man.
6. The penalty will alleviate any of this disease of the state, but the danger will always remain.
7. Those, in fact, think down from the exit those states and the whole circle of the world.
8. None are either place human in this land.
9. You teach not alone this event.

Optional Exercises
5. These men will lead (lead, were leading) the entire state.
6. That man will see (sees, saw) these things in that land.
7. In that book he will write (I shall write, I was writing) those things about this.
8. One man is leading (will lead) those forces into this land
9. The schoolmaster gives these things to the other boy.
10. We are writing (will write) this book about another war.
11. The whole country thanks (will thank, was thanking) this man alone.
12. They are now giving their entire attention to that plan.
13. The friends of this man will save this state by that plan.
14. The other friend will lead entire life in another land.
15. This man alone was able to warn me about the faults of this tyrant.
16. You had no forces in the other land.
17. Those men alone see no dangers in this plan.
18. You dare to praise not only the character but also the treachery of that man.
19. Truly, on account of the treachery of one man this state was not strong.

Vocab 9 Quiz

1. locus-place
2. morbus-sickness
3. studium-eagerness
4. hic-this
5. ille-that
6. iste-that of yours
7. alius-another
8. alter-the other
9. neuter-neither
10. nullus-none
11. solus-alone
12. totus-whole
13. ullus-any
14. unus-one
15. uter-either
16. anum-another

Cicero on the Ethics of Waging War

State war ought not to wage without good cuase or because of anger. If we are able to defend our fortune and fields and population without war, then we ought to maintian peace; if, however, we are not able to save and preserve our liberty and country without war, war is a necessity. We always ought to demonstrate, nevertheless, great service in war, and great mercy after victory.

Roman and Athenian Voting Practices, Conclusion

Athens 5th century BCE

Successive reforms turned Athens in to the 1st democracy. This democracy could be divided into 3 or 4 branches, depending on how you look at it:the assembly(the people), the Council of 500(Athenian Congress), Athenian juries, and sometimes people mention the executive branch. The participants in these branches were all chosen by the people. Only male citizens were allowed to vote and voting was conducted by a showing of hands. To keep politicians in their place, the techinique of ostracism was used. This was a sort of state-wide impeachment where people used shards of broken pottery as "voting ballots" to express the person they wished to exile for ten years. No more democratic form of government had ever been formed where citizens have an oppurtunity in every branch to voice their opinion. Athens bequeaths democracy to modern society. Two people mainly responsible for this are Ephialtes and Pericles.

Roman Republic

Rome established a more representative form of government known as the Roman Republic. Much of Roman history lies shrouded in obscurity because evidence at times was deliberately
suppressed and falsified. Despite this fact, there is a solid core of information to support the institution of the plebeian tribunate. Plebeians were the commoners of Rome. Plebeians could elect officers to defend their rights. They could now vote and decide who they wanted to represent them. These representatives could forbid acts that the plebeians were against. If anyone went against the representative, they became an outlaw and were liable to be killed by plebeians. The tribunes were able to veto acts of most, but could not veto a dictator's choice. Because of this sought after power of veto, the position in the tribunate was wanted avidly. This makeshift office gained much power. There also existed other branches composed of consuls and magistrates in this period.

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was an imperial bureaucracy. This means that it relates to an empire and its ruler and its structure as a government. At first there were triumvirates. That meant that were was a ruling system of 3 equal individuals who were in a way co-emperors. Eventually Rome was ruled by emperors (emperors rule empires like kings rule kingdoms, get it?). The people had no real say in what happened or what choices the triumvirates and emperors made. They had no real power to vote becuase this was almost given solely to the emperor(s).

Works Cited
Athens info-www.tbns.net/eggy/class2/classics020206.doc
Athens info-ttp://www.luc.edu/faculty/ldossey/athenssept11web.htm
Athens info-http://www.utexas.edu/courses/introtogreece/lecture01/img13ostraka.html

Roman Republic info-"Roman Government Creates Plebeian Tribunate, 494 B.C." DISCovering World History. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center - Gold. Gale. John Carroll School. 5 Nov. 2008 <." contentset="GSRC&type=" tabid="T001&prodId=" docid="EJ2105240240&source=" srcprod="SRCG&userGroupName=" version="1.0">." contentset="GSRC&type=" tabid="T001&prodId=" docid="EJ2105240240&source=" srcprod="SRCG&userGroupName=" version="1.0">.">http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/infomark.do?&contentSet=GSRC&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=SRC-1&docId=EJ2105240240&source=gale&srcprod=SRCG&userGroupName=bel71807&version=1.0>.

Roman Empire info-
http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/retrieve.do?subjectParam=Locale%2528en%252C%252C%2529%253AFQE%253D%2528su%252CNone%252C12%2529Roman%2BEmpire%2524&contentSet=GSRC&sort=Relevance&tabID=T001&sgCurrentPosition=0&subjectAction=DISPLAY_SUBJECTS&prodId=SRC-1&searchId=R9&currentPosition=3&userGroupName=bel71807&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&sgHitCountType=None&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28SU%2CNone%2C12%29Roman+Empire%24&inPS=true&searchType=BasicSearchForm&displaySubject=&docId=EJ2173150027&docType=GSRC

The U.S. voting practice is most closely based upon the Athenian democracy. Athens also believed in freedom of speech and capitalism. The United States has the branches of governments that can keep each other in check and are influenced by the wishes of the people.

Of these three voting practices I think the democracy of Athens is the best voting practice and the Roman Empire's is the worst. This is different becuase there seems to have been a retrogression instead of progression in creating a solid government of the people.

In an ideal world I think the voting practices would be a combination of the United States voting practices and the Athens voting practices. This would create a truely solid government that is all around affected by the people, which could even have there own branch.

Chapter 7 Optional Exercises Translations

8. My time for peace is small.
9. Your courage is important.
10. Money is nothing without good character.
11. The virtues of many human beings are great.
12. The character of a good man will be good.
13. They will give a letterto the man.
14. We were able to see many men in the important nation.
15. We were seeing a great love of many in many men.
16. Few men give attention to excellence.
17. Our state will give leisure to many men.
18. Peace can not be perpetual.
19. The states of our times will not be strong without good peace.
20. Times are bad after many wars.
21. In many states and lands peace could not be strong.
22. Without great labor men will have nothing.
23. The beautiful maiden loves friends of good character.
24. Men of great courage were daring to overcome tyrants,
25. Love of country was strong in our state.

Werewolves of the Ancient World

The werewolf has captured human imagination for centuries. "Werewolf" literally means "man wolf". Werewolves practice lycanthropy. Lycanthropy is the magical ability to assume the form and characteristics of a wolf.

The story began that a Greek king (King Lycaeon) decided to sacrifice his son to Zeus. The gods were angered as it was the last straw and Zeus turned Lycaeon into a wolf. Afterwards a cult formed about this event. It was called the Zeus Lycaeus cult.

Werewolves were highly believed in in Europe during the Middle Ages. They were taken so seriously that they were burned alive with supposed witches. They were thought to be servants of the devil, like witches. Werewolves were thought to have made pacts with the devil and sold their souls.

Ghosts in the Ancient World

The ghosts of the ancient Romans are referred to as shades of the dead, who were honored or propitiated by means of festivals throughout the year. There were several types of Roman ghosts, particularly Manes (Di manes), Lares, and Lemures. The ghosts were also known as umbrae (which translates as 'shades', as in "umbrella"), imagines, and species. There were two main festivals to celebrate the ghosts of the dead, which were the Parentalia and the Lemuria. During the 10 day Parentlia most business, etc. was shut down. This took place in cemeteries. The Lemuria was 3 days long and took place in the home. Romans often performed rituals for the dead, which sometimes included offerings. There is no definite fact that says that Romans belived in ghosts, but they definitely celebrated them.

Chapter 8 Test (Part II-S.A. Odd)

1. My brother always leads his life in peace.
3. Oh friend, we destroy liberty.
5. We never conquer danger without danger.
7. Catullus thanks the great Marco Tullio Ciceroni.
9. Agamemnon will lead the great abundance from the land Graeca up to Troiam, where many will kill men.

Chapter 8 Test (Part I-paradigms)

agere-to lead
Present, Future, Imperfect

Present Indicative Active
ago
agis
agit
agimus
agitis
agunt

Future Indicative Active
agam
ages
aget
agemus
agetis
agent

Imperfect Indicative Active
agebam
agebas
agebat
agebamus
agebatis
agebant

Cleobus and Biton Research

Cleobus and Biton were of the Argive race. On the day of the festival of Juno, they wished to take their mother to Juno's temple, becuase she visited yearly. The oxen were away so they pulled their mother over 5 miles in the heat of the day to the temple. Becuase of their loving act, they achieved "the highest blessing to which mortals can attain." They brothers fell asleep in the temple and never woke up. They died without pain.

Cleobis and Biton Translation

Cleobis and Biton were the sons of Cydippe. Cydippe was the priestess of the goddess Juno. Cydippe was desiring to see a great statue of Juno. But the statue was far away, and Cydippe was not able to walk; the boys were not considering oxen. Cleobis and Biton were loving Cydippe; therefore, they themselves were pulling a wagon. The labor was difficult, but the sons of Cydippe were strong. Now Cydippe was able to see the statue; wherefore, she prayed to Juno: "Oh, beautiful goddess! Cleobis and Biton were having good morals and virtue. Therefore, give my sons the best reward." Because of the prayer of Cydippe, Juno, without delay, gave the boys death without pain. Cleobis and Biton now are happy in perpetual peace.

S.A. Chapter 8 evens

2. Come, come! Help me! Lead me to my second son.
4. New danger set forth without delay on the Roman population.
6. I am able to demonstrate from my human mistake right road.
8. You attract extraordinary form of human maiden eyes.

Vocab Chapter 8 Quiz

1. copia-abundance
2. laus-praise
3. ratio-reckoning
4. soror-sister
5. disco-to learn
6. doceo-to teach
7. duco-to lead
8. gero-to carry
9. scribo-to write
10. traho-to draw

bonus
1. vinco-to overcome

Roman Engineering

The Romans have been known for their remarkable skill at building and engineering, even since the earliest times. They made bridges across the Tiber River. They constucted a great system of water distribution with aqueducts. The Romans built hundreds of mile of aqueducts that supplied Rome with a fresh water supply. They were also of the few to have sewers to drain the Forum so that the cities were cleaner and healthier. As Rome grew, developed, and conquered, they created roadways across the Empire, which were an amazing feat at the time.
The military engineers and Rome were skilled surveyors that designed numerous expansive projects in the areas that the troops aided in building. A great network of roads, bridges, and canals were built. Also fortified camps, frontier walls, arches, baths, and temples were built.

Emperor Augustus boasted that he found a city of stone and left it a city of marble. At the end of his reign, a good amount of Rome's buildings were of marble. Romans made a great use of concrete, and eventually used waterproof concrete.

The Romans made many advancements in engineering and were the head of the breakthroughs in engineering at the time.

The Coliseum and it's Architecture

The Coliseum is the largest and most widely known Roman amphitheater. It was originally called the Flavian Amphitheater. The Coliseum was started by Emperor Vespasian and was dedicated by his son, Titus. Vespasian's younger son succeeded Titus and under his rule the Coliseum was completed. The Coliseum was elliptical and had 4 stories. The Coliseum utilized over 240 arches, travertine posts, and columns. The seating capacity was believed to be over 50,000. The area inside the Coliseum was a pit surrounded by high walls, which were used to protect the crowd from the wild animals that were often used in the arena. The pit had a sand covered floor, which rested above substructures where animal dens, elevators, and other mechanisms have been found. Gladiators and animals fought in the arena (for more information on gladiators, see Roman Gladiator post). Combat between gladiators was abolished in 404 A.D. and the last recorded fight betwen animals was held in 523 A.D.

Over the years natural disasters affected the Coliseum and it had been restored by the Romans a few times. In 1995 a major restoration occurred so the structure would hold and more of the Coliseum would be open to the public.

Chapter 7 Test

S.A. Ch. 7 #1-10
1. I am a human being.
2. Nothing under the sun is new.
3. I sing the new song about the youth to the maidens and the boys now.
4. You praise fortune and the morals of the ancient people.
5. They hate to sin becuase good men have a love of virtue.
6. Under the chief you dare harsh evil times are good.
7. The foolish population often gives unworthy men office.
8. We always see foolish names on the wall of a building and gate.
9. Death is peace without words.
10. Many nations are able to tolerate servitude; our state is not able to. Remarkable is liberty recovery.

The Rape of Lucretia
Tarquinius Superbus was the king of Rome, and Tarquinius Sextus was the son of the evil tyrant. Sextus raped Lucretia, wife of Collatini, and the good woman, on account of her great love of virtue, she killed herself. The ancient Romans always praised the virtue and spirit of Lucretia and they blame the Tarquins.

Catullus Dedicates his Poetry Book
Cornelius, great wisdom man, I shall give a new beautiful book. Cornelius, my friend, you were always praising my books, and are the scholarly teacher of the letter! Therefore, regard my new labor; the book's fame (and your fame) will be perpetual.

Latin Help-verbs from IO

Amabat-he, she, it loves
Metuebat-he, she, it was fearing
Mutavit-he changed
Videbit-he, she, it shall see
Cogitabat-he, she, it, was thinking
Erat-he, she, it, was
Habesne-you possess
Dabisne-you ought to
Amas-you love
Dedit-he gave
Remanebat-it was remaining
Habebat-he, she, it was having
Superavit-he conquered
Erat-he, she, it was
Manebat-he, she, it, was remaining
Errabat-he, she, it was wandering
Videbat-he, she, it, was seeing
Habebat-he, she, it was having
Habebisne-you shall have?

Chapter 7 Vocab

1. amore- love
2. civitas-state
3. homo-human being
4. littera- letter of the alphabet
5. nomen-name
6. regina-queen
7. tempus-time
8. uxor-wife
9. virtus-courage
10. novus-new
Bonus
1. audeo-to dare
2. neco-to kill, murder

The Curse of Atreus

Atreus and Thyeste are the sons of Pelopis. Thyestes seduces Atreus's wife; at the time, he was not able to truly tolerate the discovery. Plot, therefore, against a brother, he thought; "You are abundantly angry. Becuase of you my few sons cut up and killed their brother. Then I ought to cook he and Thyestes for dinner. He killed the boys; Thyestes saw his own dead boys on the table. Oh, unfortunate Thyestes! He did not have anything. But, Oh Atreus, becuase of your great and true sons you ought to have great penalty. In our evil sons remains your ancient blame; it was perpetual. You ought to think of an ambush, oh Atreus? Your anger is not able to overcome; evil, therefore, is always your reputation. You are turly praised, but have many faults.

Chapter 6 Paradigm Test

1. Sum Present Act. Ind.
sum-to be
sum
es
estis
sumus
e
sunt

2. Sum Imperfect Active Ind.
sum-to be
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
3. Sum Future Act. Ind.
sum-to be
eram
eras
erat
eramus
eratis
erant
1. Possum Present Act. Ind.
possum- to be able
Possum
potes
potest
possumus
potestis
possunt
2. Possum Imperfect Active Indicative
possum-to be able
Potero
poteris
poterit
poterimus
poterunt
3. Possum Future Act. Ind.
possum-to be ablhe
poteram
poteras
poterat
poteramus
poteratis
poterant