Latin Final Exam-Freshman

Part One-Vocabulary

1. cornu-horn

2. spiritus-spirit

3. metus-dread

4. familia-family

5. iudex-judge

6. scelus-sin

7. incipio-to begin

8. senex-old

9. dulcis-pleasure

10. mens-mind

11. centum-100

12. itaque-and so

13. iacio-to join

14. mare-sea

15. nubes-clouds

16. civis-citizen

17. divitiae-riches

18. patientia-patience

19. medicus-doctor

20. annus-year

21. bene-good

22. nemo-no one

23. caput-leader

24. senectus-old age

25. timor-fear

26. capio-to capture

27. facio-to make

28. fugio-to flee

29. duco-to lead

30. scribo-to write

31. amor-to love

32. carmen-song

33. homo-human being

34. nomen-name

35. discipula-student

36. possum-to be able to

37. pulcher-beautiful

38. bonus-good

39. nihil-nothing

40. otium-peace

41. stultus-foolish

42. agricola-farmer

43. femina-woman

44. filia-duaghter

45. vir-man

46. rosa-rose

47. pecunia-money

48. magna-great

49. saepe-often

50. video-to see

Part Two-Paradigms and Declensions

Verbs

51. Laudare – Present Active Indicative
laudo
laudas
laudat
laudamus
laudatis
laudant

52. Monere – Present Active Indicative
moneo
mones
monet
monemus
monetis
monent

53. Agere – Present Active Indicative
ago
agis
agit
agimus
agitis
agunt

54. Audire – Present Active Indicative
audio
audies
audet
audiemus
audietis
audiunt

55. Capere – Present Active Indicative
capio
capies
capiet
capiemus
capietis
capient

56. Laudare – Imperfect Active Indicative
laudabam
laudabas
laudabat
laudabamus
laudabatis
laudabant

57. Capere – Imperfect Active Indicative
capiebam
capiebas
capiebat
capiebamus
capiebatis
capiebant

58. Monere – Future Active Indicative
monebo
monebis
monebit
monebimus
monebitis
monebunt

59. Agere – Future Active Indicative
agam
ages
aget
agemus
agetis
agent

60. Laudare – Perfect Active Indicative
laudavi
laudavisti
laudavit
laudavimus
laudavistis
laudaverunt

61. Monere – Perfect Active Indicative
monui
monuisti
monuit
monuimus
monuistis
monuerunt

62. Agere – Perfect Active Indicative
egi
egisti
egit
egimus
egistis
egerunt

63. Audire – Perfect Active Indicative
audivi
audivisti
audivit
audivimus
audivistis
audiverunt

64. Capere – Perfect Active Indicative
cepi
cepisti
cepit
cepimus
cepitis
ceperunt

65. Laudare – Pluperfect Active Indicative
laudaveram
laudaveras
laudaverat
laudaveramus
laudaveratis
laudaverant

66. Audire – Pluperfect Active Indicative
audiveram
audiveras
audiverat
audiveramus
audiveratis
audiverant

67. Laudare – Future Perfect Active Indicative
laudavero
laudaveris
laudaverit
laudaverimus
laudaveritis
laudaverint

68. Monere – Future Perfect Active Indicative
monuero
monueris
monuerit
monuerimus
monueritis
monuerint

69. Laudare – Present Active Imperative (two forms)
lauda
laudate

70. Laudare – Present Passive Indicative
laudor
laudaris
laudatur
laudamur
laudamini
laudantur

71. Monere – Present Passive Indicative
moneor
moneris
monetur
monemur
monemini
monentur

72. Laudare – Imperfect Passive Indicative
laudabar
laudabaris
laudabatur
laudabamur
laudabamini
laudabantur

73. Monere – Imperfect Passive Indicative
monebar
monebaris
monebatur
monebamur
monebamini
monebantur

74. Laudare – Future Passive Indicative
laudabor
laudaberis
laudabitur
laudabimur
laudabimini
laudabintur

75. Monere – Imperfect Passive Indicative
monebar
monebaris
monebatur
monebamur
monebamini
monebantur

76. Esse – Future Indicative Active
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt

77. Posse – Present Indicative Active
posse
potes
potest
possumus
potestis
possunt

Nouns

78. Porta
porta
portae
portae
portam
porta

portae
portarum
portis
portas
portis

79. Amicus
amicus
amici
amico
amicum
amico

amici
amicorum
amicis
amicos
amicis

80. Puer
puer
pueri
puero
puerum
puero

pueri
puerorum
pueris
pueros
pueris

81. Ager
ager
agri
agro
agrum
agro

agres
agrorum
agris
agros
agris

82. Donum
donum
doni
dono
donum
dono

dona
donarum
donis
dona
donis

83. Rex
rex
regis
regi
regem
rege

reges
regum
regibus
reges
regibus

84. Corpus
corpus
corporis
corpori
corpus
corpore

corpora
corporum
corporibus
corpora
corporibus

85. Civis
civis
civis
civi
civem
cive

cives
civium
civibus
cives
civibus

86. Urbs
urbs
urbis
urbi
urbem
urbe

urbes
urbium
urbibus
urbes
urbibus

87. Fructus
fructus
fructus
fructui
fructum
fructu

fructus
fructuum
fructibus
fructus
fructibus

Participles (extra credit if attempted / not counted against if incorrect)

88. Laudans
laudans
laudantis
laudanis
laudanimus
laudanitis
laudanant

89. Monitus
monitus
moniris
monitur
monimur
monimini
monintur

Pronouns

90. Hic, Haec, Hoc
hic haec hoc
huius huius huius
huic huic huic
hunc hanc hoc
hoc hac hoc

hi hae haec
horum harum horum
his his his
hos has haec
his his his

91. Ille, Illa, Illud
ille illa illud
illius illius illius
illi illi illi
illum illam illud
illo illa illo

illi illae illa
illorum illarum illorum
illis illis illis
illos illas illa
illis illis illis

92. Qui, Quae, Quod
qui quae quod
cuius cuius cuius
cui cui cui
quem quam qoud
quo qua quo

qui quae quae
quorum quoarum quorum
quibus quibus quibus
quos quas quae
quibus quibus quibus

93. Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum
ipse ipsa ipsum
ipsius ipsius ipsius
ipsi ipsi ipsi
ipsum ipsam ipsum
ipso ipsa ipso

ipsi ipsae ipsa
ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
ipsis ipsis ipsis
ipsos ipsas ipsa
ipsis ipsis ipsis

94. Is, Ea, Id
is ea id
eis eis eis
ei ei ei
eum eam eum
eo ea eo

95. Idem, Eadem, Idem
Idem eadem idem
eisdem eisdem eisdem
eidem eidem eidem
eundem eandem eundem
eodem eadem eodem

96. Ego
ego
mei
mihi
me
me

97. Tu
tu
tui
tibi
te
te

Adjectives

98. Magnus, Magna, Magnum
magnus magna magnum
magni magnae magni
magno magnae magno
magnum magnam magnum
magno magna magno

magni magnae magna
magnorum magnarum magnorum
magnis magnis magnis
magnos magnas magna
magnis magnis magnis

99. Solus, Sola, Solum
solus sola solum

100. Pulcher, Pulchra, Pulchrum
pulcher pulchra pulchrum
pulchri pulchrae pulchri
pulchro pulchrae pulchro
pulchrum pulchram pulchrum
pulchro pulchra pulchro

pulchri pulchrae pulchra
pulchrorum pulchrarum pulchrorum
pulchris pulchris pulchris
pulchros pulchras pulchra
pulchris pulchris pulchris

Part Three: Translations – translate each of the following accurately (100 points)

101. Labor me vocat.
Labor summons me.

102. Laudas me; culpant me.
You praise me; they blame me.

103. Quid cogitas? – debemus iram vitare. [vitare – to shun, avoid]
You think what?-We ought to avoid anger.

104. Philosophia est ars vitae.
Philosophy is the art of life.

105. Debetis, amici, de populo Romano cogitare.
You all ought, friends, to think of the people of Rome.

106. Pecunia avarum irritat, non satiat. [irritare – to excite, exasperate]
Money excites greed, it does not satisfy.

107. Fortuna est caeca.
Fortune is blind.

108. Officium me vocat.
Duty calls me.

109. Semper Gloria et fama tua manebunt.
Your glory and fame will always remain.

110. Sine dis et deabus in caelo, animus non posse sanus esse.
Without gods and goddesses in heaven, the mind is not able to be sane.

Part Four: Essay – please pick from the following and choose TWO. Write a five paragraph formal academic essay for each. You must have a thesis statement at the end of your first paragraph, and you must cite specific examples from what we have learned this year to back up your thesis. Do not use personal pronouns, and please maintain a consistent tone. (200 points)

a. Sense in an English sentence depends upon word order. Sense in a Latin sentence, however, does not depend so much on word order because Latin nouns, modifiers, and verbs are inflected (by declensions and conjugations). Imagine that you are a Latin teacher. Write an essay explaining how inflection works and discuss why Latin is considered a more ‘economical’ language than English.

Word order. It is something so key to the English language, yet so neglected by other languages, like Latin. Why? The answer is, "becuase of inflection." Latin is a highly inflected language. This means a person can tell much more information than just an action for a verb, or an object for a noun, or even the description of an adjective. In Latin, word order does not create sense, the inflection of the rest of the sentence does that.
Latin sentences do not need word order. They are not arranged in a specific way each time. They can be randomly scattered around, and the sentence will still retain the same meaning. In English, "the cookie ate the boy" would not mean the same as, "the boy ate the cookie". In Latin, though, the words (if written correctly) could be jumbled around, and the sentence would always mean, "the boy ate the cookie".
Inflection gives more meaning to words than a simple definition. Inflection can tell the number, case, tone, mood, tense, the person doing the action, the person receiving the action, what is being described, etc. These can all be done in a few words. That is why word order doesn't matter. In Latin, a general form of word order is used, but this is not at all necessary. It does make it easier for translation, though.
Declensions and conjugations create more meaning in less words. "Less is more", is an appropriate phrase to describe this. That is why Latin is called a more "economic" language than English. Other than when writing large numbers in Roman numberals, Latin is more efficient and economic in usage. In a few words, Latin can present something that would take English multiple sentences and extra words to present.
Saying so much in so little words is what helps make Latin a unique language. It also allows for less wordy sentences, and allows for there to be no need for word order. This saves times, effort, and (in these days) ink. This made it much easier for Latin scribes and others who wrote the language to record. This helped a lot becuase writing would take more effort in earlier times, and time was saved by using less words with more meaning. In conclusion, the inflection of the sentence creates no need for word order, and the ability to express more in less words.

e. Does Latin matter?

Latin is an important language, even to today. Many people would argue this, saying that Latin is a "dead" language, but when closely studied, this theory is proven wrong. Latin has ties still clinging to much of the world today. The language may not be as thriving as it once was, but it is certainly not "dead". Latin helps us understand the world, history, and other languages. This insight makes it easier to understand many languages at once, not just one. Latin matters to the world, even today.
Latin continues to be used by the world today. It is not be as prevalent in Catholicism as in earlier times, when masses were given in Latin, Bibles were in Latin, and more. This is true, but also true is that fact that some masses (like in Vatican City) are still given in Latin. Latin is also the language of science. It provides many of the disease names and other medical vernacular that are used today. One a smaller scale, Latin is used for the spell names in the popular series Harry Potter. For example, "expecto patronum" means "I exspect a defender."
Latin has ties to all the Romance languages, as well as a heavy influence in the English language. This means that Latin lives on today through other languages, like Spanish, French, Romanian, etc. These languages are very influential, and keep Latin's importance.
Latin is part of the Proto-Indo-European languages. The Indo-European languages are the family that is spoken by most of the world today. Over 50% of the world speaks languages that are related to Latin. This is an incredibly large number, with billions of speakers today.
Latin may not be as much of a spoken language, and it is not a "world language" anymore, but that does not mean that the Latin language relinquishes its importance. Latin lives on today, influencing the world in many more subtle ways than it once did. This is why Latin matters. This is why students study Latin today. It is becuase of Latin's ongoing importance, on the past and in the present, that Latin is still alive today.

H.P. Adam Kuester