Why was the Aeneid written?

The Aeneid was written to explain to the Roman people how people came to settle in Italy. It tells Aeneas' story, a Trojan who, according to legend, become an ancestor to the Romans. Virgil was the author of this epic poem, and he cleverly created family ties from Aeneas to Augustus (Augustus was the emperor Virgil's patron). This made the story more interesting and important to the people of the Roman Empire.

Picture: http://www.sffaudio.com/images08/librivoxtheaeneid500.jpg

Baths of Constantine-Where

These were the last of the great baths of Rome, and were built by Constantine on the Quirinal Hill. They were probably built before AD 315. They suffered greatly from fire and earthquake, but were restored in 443 AD. Very little from the baths survive today except some important statues that used to adorn the complex. These statues include Constantine and his son Constans, the Nile and Tiber river gods,  and the bronze boxer. 

Picture: http://www.romereborn.virginia.edu/ge/BT-003.html

38 Latin Stories-Chapter 29, Quintilian Praises the Oratory of Cicero-Parsed Verbs

Dant-3rd person plural present active indicative of "dare" meaning "to give"

Dicit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"

Didicit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "discere" meaning "to learn"

Diligere-present active infinitive meaning "to be diligent"

Dissentire-present active infinitive meaning "to disagree"

Docere-present active infinitive meaning "to lead"

Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"

Facere-present active infinitive meaning "to make"

Fuit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"

Habeatur-3rd person singular present passive subjunctive of "habere" meaning "to hold"

Habere-present active infinitive meaning "to hold"

Movere-present active infinitive meaning "to disturb"

Posset-3rd person singular imperfect active subjunctive of "posse" meaning "to be able to"

Possunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of  "posse" meaning "to be able to"

Potest-3rd person singular present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"

Pudeat-3rd person singular present active subjunctive from "pudere" meaning "to be ashamed"

Pugnat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "pugnare" meaning "to fight"

Puto-1st person singular present active indicative of "putare" meaning "to think"

Regnare-present active infinitive meaning "to reign"

Sciat-3rd person singular present active subjunctive of "scire" meaning "to know"

Sit-3rd person singular present active subjunctive of "esse" meaning "to be"

Spectemus-1st person plural present active subjunctive of "spectare" meaning "to watch"

Sunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"

Videatur-3rd person singular present passive subjunctive of "videre" meaning "to seem"

Videtur-3rd person singular present passive indicative of "videre" meaning "to seem"

Pliny the Younger

Pliny the Younger was a lawyer, author, and magistrate in Ancient Rome. He is not to be confused with his uncle, Pliny the Elder, who helped raise and educate him. They both witnessed Mt. Vesuvius erupt on August 24th, 74 AD. This was the day of Pliny the Elder's death. Pliny is known for his hundreds of surviving letters. These are an invaluable historical source for study of Pliny's contemporary time period (ca. 1st cent AD). Many of these letters are to emperors, nobles, historians (ie. Tacitus). Pliny himself was a notable figure, who served as imperial magistrate under Trajan. Pliny was an honest and moderate man who rose through the cursus honorum (series of political and military offices).

Picture: http://geopolicraticus.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/pliny_the_younger.jpg

Pliny Writes to His Friends

I am angry; I know I ought not be, but I am angry.  You know how at times unjust, how often out of control, how always rather prone to complain about trifles love may be. I do not know whether that cause may be just; Nevertheless it is important, and I deeply am angry, because it had been so long with no letters from you. You are able to win me over in one way, if at least now the greatest and longest letters you will have sent. I only make these true amends, the remaining will seem wrong. I am not about to hear "I am not in the city" or "I was occupied"; May they forbid that I may hear "I am sick." Think how much care I may hold for you. To know I desire which you make and will make. Now send the greatest amount and longest letters! Farewell!
-Pliny, Epistles 2.2
15 Parsed verbs:
1. Suscenseo-1st person singular present active indicative of "suscensere" meaning "to be angry"
2. Nescio-1st person singular present active indicative of "nescire" meaning "to not know"
3. Debeam-2st person singular present active subjunctive of "debere" meaning "to owe"
4. Scis-2nd person singular present active indicative of "scire" meaning "to know"
5. Sit-3rd person singular present active subjunctive of "esse" meaning "to be"
6. Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
7. Fuerunt-3rd person plural perfect active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
8. Exorare-present active infinitive meaning "to win over by begging"
9. Potes-3rd person singular present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
10. Miseris-2nd person singular present active subjunctive of "mittere" meaning "to send"
11. Excusatio-1st person singular present active indicative of "excusare" meaning "to make amends"
12. Videbuntur-3rd person plural future passive indicative of "videre" meaning "to seem"
13. Sum-1st person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
14. Eram-3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
15. Sinant-3rd person plural present active indicative of "sinere" meaning "to allow"

Surfing Chicken

And Mr. Wojo said it was cooler than a surfing chicken...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8emb_HziQ0

Gracchi Brothers

The Gracchi Brothers were tribunes in the 2nd century BC. The young men of a progressive patrician family were Tiberius and Gaius. They attempted to pass land reform legislation in Ancient Rome. This would redistribute the major patrician landholdings to the plebeians. For this and their membership in the Populares party,they are deemed as the founding fathers of socialism and populism. Both brothers were assassinated for their efforts.

Picture: http://images.easyart.com/i/prints/rw/en_easyart/lg/3/0/Cornelia-Mother-of-the-Two-Gracchi-Brothers-1861-Pierre-Jules-Cavelier-303143.jpg
Gracchi Brothers with mother Cornelia

Chapter 30 S.A.

1. Now you see how much crime against the republic and our laws have been proclaimed to you.
2. Let me say immediately how sweet liberty is to you.
3. He asked why they finally left the city.
4. Now I know what love is.
5. Let us see that man who was able to write more in the middle of the forum.
6. Many were doubting which was best.
7. I begin to put forth that nature creates and nourishes all things.
8. It is pleasant to see which evils you yourself lack
9. I reread the authority of the Trojan War, who says which is beautiful, which is ugly, which is useful and which is not.

Why Echo was forced to echo?

Echo was an Oread nymph of Mount Cithairon in Boeotia. Hera cursed her to only repeat the last words of what was said before. This was a punishment for distracting her with chatter. Echo was loved by the god Pan. Echo was enamored in Narcissus, though. Even after Echo's youth faded away, Echo's repeating voice lived on.

Picture: http://www.comp.dit.ie/dgordon/Lectures/Hum1/040315/090319narcissus.jpg

Vocab CH 30

honor-honor
ceteri-the remaining
quantus-how large
ridiculus-laughable
vivus-alive
furtim-stealthily
mox-soon
primo-at first
repente-suddenly
unde-whence
utrum...an-whether...or
bibere-to drink
cognoscere-to become acquainted with
comprehendere-to comprehend
consumere-to consume
dubitare-to doubt
exponere-to explain
minuere-to lessen
rogare-to ask

Catullus 5

-- Catullus 5

Let us live and let us love, my Lesbia

The weighty rumors and age

Let us value all that are near!

they are only able to perish and revert

Once our  brief light falls,

night is perpetual in sleep.

Give to me a thousand kisses, then one hundred,

then another thousand, then a second hundred,

then all the time another thousand, then one hundred.

Then, we will make with many thousands,

we will confuse that man, we will not know,

but which he is not able to envy bad,

with much he knows to be kisses.

Marius, Sulla, Caesar

Marius was the first man in his family to hold high office, so was a novus homo. He was elected tribune, quaestor, praetor, and consul (7 times). He married a patrician family, and marries the aunt of Julius Caesar.Marius is known for dramatic reforms of the Roman armies. Marius authorized the recruitment of landless citizens, and reorganized legions in Rome.

Sulla was a patrician family that fell on hard time. Sulla was a Roman general and politician. Sulla had a reputation for always supporting the Senate. Sulla started proscriptions (lists of people to be killed for a reward). Sulla also started political reforms. Sulla was later referred to by Machiavelli as the ideal characteristics of a ruler.

Both Marius and Sulla were involved in the Social War.

These rulers are seen as a precedence to Caesar, as they both caused dramatic reforms, and Caesar would also cause a dramatic change in Rome. Caesar was also a militaristic leader, and Marius' reforms aided him. Caesar also used the proscriptions of Sulla to eliminate his enemies. Marius and Sulla started an age of reforming in Rome, which was continued by Caesar to the end of the Roman Republic.

Sources: http://ocw.nd.edu/classics/history-of-ancient-rome/marius-vs.-sulla-romes-social-wars
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar

Pictures: http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/marius.jpg
http://www.colorado.edu/Classics/clas4091/Graphics/Sulla.jpg

Sorry, the pictures failed on this post, as Blogger wouldn't take them, so I have to go back and edit it tonight.

Leto-Who

Leto was a female Titan who was a bride of Zeus and the mother of the twin gods Apollo and Artemis. She was the goddess of motherhood and protectress of the young. She was also a goddess of modesty and womanly demure. Hera once chased her so that she could not find a place to rest and give birth to her twins. Also, when the giant Tityos tried to abduct her, Apollo intervened and slew him with arrows. 

Picture: http://www.theoi.com/image/greek-titans-leto.jpg

Why did the immortal Chiron die?-Why

Chiron was the wisest of the centaurs and a son of the Titan Cronus. He entertained Heracles, but once dropped one of his poisoned arrows on his foot. The pain was unbearable, so he surrendered his immortality and was placed among the stars as the constellation Centaurus. Some say he became Sagittarius. 

Picture: http://www.theoi.com/Cat_Astraioi.html

BIG THING Part 2

The Gallic Wars, Wins and Losses
This project is on the Gallic war, and traces the victories and defeats of Caesar and his army along the way.Be aware when grading that this was done in 30 min, with Firefox going into "Not Responding" every 30 seconds. There were also loads of formatting problems, which was out-of-the-blue. Grading should be based on quality of information presented, but go easy on it...

Translation from Caesar's Gallic Wars

"All of Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae live in, the Aquitani live in another, and those who in their own language are called Celts, in our language called Gauls, the third. These all differ from each other in customs, laws, and language. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae."

The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns waged by Caesar against several Gallic tribes, 

lasting from 58-51 BC. These wars paved the way for Caesar to become the sole ruler of the Roman 

Republic. The campagin was painstakingly described by Caesar in his commentary, Commentarii De 

Bello Gallico, which is an important historical source. 

1. the Batlle of Bibracte-The Romans won in 58 BC under Julius Caesar, who defeated the Helvetii 

under Orgetorix.

2. Vosges- Another win by Caesar in 58 BC, who defeated the Germans under Ariovistus. 

3. Sabis River-Another Roman win by Caesar, but in 57 BC, and a loss by the Nelvii.

4. Morbihan Gulf-56 BC win by the Romans' naval fleet under D. Junius Brutus, who defeated the 

Veneti. They were punished severely.

5. Gallic Revolts-54 BC-During the revolts was the first major Roman defeat in Gaul, but in the end,

 the Roman troops under Labienus defeated the Treveri troops.

6. Battle at Gorgovia-Gaul victory under Vercingetorix in 52 BC.

7. Battle of Lutetia Parisorium-Roman victory under T. Labienus. 

8. Battle near Dijon-Another Roman victory by Julius Caesar and a defeat of Vercingetorix.

9. Battle at Alesia-decisive Roman victory. Julius Caesar victory over Vercingetorix.

Sources:
-Caesar, Julius. ""De Bello Gallico" and Other Commentaries by Julius Caesat." Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg. Web. 13 Jan. 2010. <http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=44511&pageno=11>.
-"Gallic Wars." Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Web. 13 Jan. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars>.
-Gill, N. S. "The Winners and Losers of Casesar's Gallic Wars." About.com. About.com. Web. 13 Jan. 2010. <http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/caesa1/tp/gallicwarswinners.htm>.

The picture depicts Vercingetorix surrendering to Caesar. 

BIG THING-Part 1

Honors Latin II

Midterm Big Thing

R. Richard Wojewodzki

Part I – paradigms and vocab (1 point each)

Please conjugate the following:

1. Present Active Subjunctive of laudare (laudem)

 laudem

laudes

laudet

laudemus

laudetis

laudent

2. Present Active Subjunctive of monere (moneam)

 moneam

moneas

moneat

moneamos

moneatis

moneant

3. Present Active Subjunctive of agere (agam)

 agam

agas

agat

agamus

agatis

agant

4. Present Active Subjunctive of audire (audiam)

 audiam

audias

audiat

audiamus

audiatis

audiant

5. Present Active Subjunctive of capere (capiam)

 capiam

capias

capiat

capiamus

capiatis

capiant

6. Present Active Subjunctive of esse (sim)

 sim

sis

sit

simus

sitis

sint 

7. Present Active Subjunctive of posse (possim)

possim

possis

possit

possimus

possitis

possint

8. Imperfect Active Subjunctive of posse (possem)

 possem

posses

posset

possemus

possetis

possent

9. Future Indicative Active of agere (agam)

 agam

ages

aget

agemus

agetis

agent

10. Perfect Indicative Active of agere (egi)

 egi

egisti

egit

egimus

egistis

egerunt

11. Perfect Indicative Active of audire (audivi)

 audivi

audivisti

audivit

audivimus

audivistis

audiverunt

12. Pluperfect Indicative Active of capere (ceperam)

 ceperam

ceperas

ceperat

ceperamus

ceperatis

ceperant

13. Future Perfect Indicative Active of laudare (laudavero)

 lauvero

laudveris

laudaverit

laudaverimus

laudaveritis

laudaverunt

Please decline the following:

14. porta, -ae

 porta

portae

portae

portam

porta

portae

portarum

portis

portas

portis

 

15. amicus, -i

 amicus

amici

amico

amicum

amico

amici

amicorum

amicis

amicos

amicis

16. puer, -i

 puer

pueri

puero

puerum

puero

pueri

puerorum

pueris

pueros

pueris

17. donum, -i

 donum

doni

dono

donum

dono

dona

donorum

donis

dona

donis

18. rex, regis

 rex

regis

regi

regem

rege

reges

regum

regibus

reges

regibus

19. corpus, corporis

 corpus

corporis

corpori

corpus

corpore

corpora

corporum

corporis

corpus

corporis

20. civis, civis

 civis

civis

civi

civem

cive

cives

civium

civibus

cives

civibus

21. urbs, urbis

 urbs

urbis

urbi

urbem

urbe

urbes

urbium

urbibus

urbes

urbibus

22. mare, maris

 mare

maris

mari

mare

mari

maria

marium

maris

maria

maris

23. fructus, -us

 fructus

fructus

fructui

fructum

fructu

fructus

fructorum

fructis

fructas

fructis

24. dies, -ei

 dies

diei

diei

diem

die

dies

dierum

dieis

dieas

dieis

 

25. hic, haec, hoc (masc, fem, and neut)

 hic haec hoc

huius huius huius

huic huic huic

hunc hanc hoc

hoc hac hoc

hi hae haec

horum harum horum

his his his

hos has haec

his his his

 Please write the corresponding English translation of each:

26. moenia, moenium-city walls

27. osculum, -i-eye

28. respondeo, -ere-to respond

29. cedo, -ere-to bring

30. stella, -ae-stars

31. expleo, -ere-to explore

32. luna, -ae-moon

33. princeps, principis-first

34. superus, -a, -um-above

35. sol, solis-sun

36. mensa, -ae-table

37. nox, noctis-night

38. caput, capitis-head, leader

39. nemo-nobody

40. capio, -ere-to seize

41. dico, -ere-to say

42. fugio, -ere-to flee

43. sapiens, sapientis-wise

44. ferox, ferocis-fierce

45. duco, -ere-to lead

46. credo, -ere-to believe

47. expello, -ere-to expel

48. labor, laboris-labor, work

49. neco, -are-to murder, kill

50. discipula, -ae-pupil

51. tollo, -ere-to endure

52. remaneo, remanere-to remain

53. otium, -ii-peace

54. sapientia, -ae-wisdom

55. vir, viri-man, hero

56. hodie-today

57. antiqua, -ae-ancient

58. pecunia, -ae-money

59. cogito, -are-to think

60. senatus, -us-the senate

Translation and Parsing (10 points each -- I'll take your best four.)

Please render a literal translation of the following and ID/parse each verb. 

No dictionary. 

You may use Twitter as a lifeline between yourselves; I shall be watching the feed and if it seems as though you are using it as a crutch, you'll be blocked -- so use it only in moderation.

1. An Philippus, rex Macedonum, voluisset Alexandro, filio suo, prima elementa litterarum tradi ab Aristotele, summo eius aetatis philosopho, aut hic suscepisset illud maximum officium, nisi initia studiorum pertinere ad summam sapientissime credidissent?

 -- Quintillian Institutiones Oratoriae 1.1.23. – an, interrog. conj. ‘or’ / ‘can it be that’. – Macedones, -donum m. pl. ‘Macedonians’. – pertinere ad ‘to relate to’ / ‘affect’. – summa, -ae ‘highest part’

Can it be that Philippus, the king of the Macedonians, [verb] Alexandro, his son, the first [elementa] of letters [tradi] to Aristotle, thighest of ancient philosophy, but this man [suscepisse] to that highest office, [nisi] [initia] of the students to related to the highest part of wisdom they can believe?

2. Nunc videtis quantum scelus contra rem publicam et leges nostras vobis pronuntiatum sit. -- Cicero

Now you see [quantum] sins against the republic and you choose ours you might pronounce.

3. Asia victa, dux Romanus felix multos servos in Italiam misit. – Pliny the Elder

Asia having been conquered, the happy leader of the Romans sent many servants in

to Italy.

4.       Vivamus mea Lesbia, atque amemus,

rumoresque senum severiorum
omnes unius aestimemus assis!
soles occidere et redire possunt:
nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux,
nox est perpetua una dormienda.
da mi basia mille, deinde centum,
dein mille altera, dein secunda centum,
deinde usque altera mille, deinde centum.
dein, cum milia multa fecerimus,
conturbabimus illa, ne sciamus,
aut ne quis malus inuidere possit,
cum tantum sciat esse basiorum.

                        -- Catullus 5

We live and we love, my Lesbia

rumors and [senum severiorum]

all [unius] we estimate [assis]!

they are only able to [occidere] and [redire]

with our [semel occidit] brief light,

night is perpetual in sleep.

Give to me a thousand kisses, then one hundread,

then another thousand, then a second hundred, 

then [usque] another thousand, then one hundred.

Then, we will make many with [milia],

we will [conturbabimus] that man, we will not know,

but which he is not able to [inuidere] bad, 

with much he knows to be kisses.

5.     Themistocles ad (bellum Corcyraeum) gerendum praetor a populo 

        factus, non solum praesenti bello sed etiam reliquo tempore 

        ferociorem redidit civitatem. Nam cum pecunia publica, quae ex 

        metallis redibat, largitione magistratuum quotannis interiret, ille 

        persuasit populo ut ea pecunia classis centum navium 

        aedificaretur. Qua celeriter effecta primum Corcyraeos fregit, 

        deinde maritimos praedones consectando mare tutum reddidit. 

                      -- Nepos

Themistocles waged (the Corcyraeum War)  as the population made him praetor, not the  only [praesenti] war but even I relinquish time to his fierce [redidit] of the state. [Nam] with the public money, which he [redibat] from out of the metal mines, [largitione] the teacher [quptannis interiret] that he persuaded the population and his money [classis] one hundred ships to be [aedificaretur]. Which sharp effect the the Corcyraeos first [fregit], and then the maritime [praedones] I [consectando] the sea [tutum reddidit].

38 Latin Parses for EC on MidTerm

LATIN-ID and parse all verbs in 38 Latin, 21-28, then summarize each in a two to three sentence description

-for 5% ec on exam Wed

21. The Golden Age Returns: This is a passage from one of Virgil's Eclogues. The Fourth Eclogue depicts the return of a golden age. It is sometimes called "Messianic" because Christians in the Middle Ages identified the "puer" of the poem with Christ.

Parsed Verbs:

• Incipit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "incipere" meaning "to begin"
• Erunt-3rd person plural future active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Venit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "venire" meaning "to come"
• Liberabitur-3rd person singular future passive indicative of "liberare" meaning "to free"
• Videbit-3rd person singular future active indicative of "videre" meaning "to see"
• Videbitur-3rd person singular future passive indicative of "videre" meaning "to seem"
• Reget-3rd person singular future active indicative of "regere" meaning "to direct"
• Feret-3rd person singular future active indicative of "ferre" meaning "to bring"
• Poterit-3rd person singular future active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Parabunt-3rd person plural future active indicative of "parare" meaning "to prepare"

22. Cicero Reports his Victory Over Catiline: This is an excerpt from one of Cicero's four speeches against Catiline. Cicero has driven Catiline out of Rome. He now triumphantly reports to his fellow citizens what has happened.

Parsed Verbs:

• Cogitare-present active infinitive meaning "to think"
• Espulsus est-3rd person singular perfect passive indicative of "expellere" meaning "to expel"
• Timebatur-3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of "timere" meaning "to fear"
• Continebatur-3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of "continere" meaning "to contain"
• Manebunt-3rd person plural future active indicative of "manere" meaning "to remain"
• Mittetur-3rd person singular future passive indicative of "mittere" meaning "to throw"
• Videntur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "videre" meaning "to seem"
• Esse-present active infinitive meaning "to be"
• Aluerunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "alere" meaning "to nourish"
• Agere-present active infinitive meaning "to drive"

23. Watching the Orator at Work: This passage from the Brutus, a survey of Roman oratory, describes the effect that an accomplished speaker has on his audience. Cicero is the speaker.

Parsed Verbs:

• Surgit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "surgere" meaning "to rise"
• Occupatur-3rd person singular present passive indicative of "occupare" meaning "to gain"
• Audire-present active infinitive meaning "to hear"
• Significant-3rd person plural present active indicative of "significare" meaning "signify"
• Vertuntur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "vertere" meaning "to turn"
• Tangit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "tangere" meaning "to touch"
• Cupit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "cupere" meaning "to desire"
• Moveri-present passive infinitive meaning "to move"
• Terrentur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "terrere" meaning "to frighten"
• Flent-3rd person plural present active indicative of "flare" meaning "to fly"
• Iudicare-present active infinitive meaning "to judge"
• Poteris-2nd person singular future active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able"
• Videbis-2nd person singular future active indicative of "videre" meaning "to see"
• Caret-3rd person singular present active indicative of "carare" meaning "to lack"
• Potest-3rd person singular present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Movere-present active infinitive meaning "to move"
• Videbuntur-3rd person plural future passive indicative of "videre" meaning "to be"
• Tenebuntur-3rd person plural future passive indicative of "tener" meaning "to have"

24. Caesar's Camp is Attacked by Belgians: This is a excerpt from Caesar's commentaries on the Gallic Wars (58-51 BC). It is written in an objective third person style, but puts emphasis on Caesar's skill and courage.

Parsed Verbs:

• Ducebat-3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of "ducere" meaning "to lead"
• Collocaverat-3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of "collocare" meaning "to put together"
• Sunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Commiserunt-3rd person plural perfect active indicative of "committere" meaning "to bring together"
• Recipiebant-3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of "recipere" meaning "to recover"
• Faciebant-3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of "facere" meaning "to make"
• Audebant-3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of "audere" meaning "to hear"
• Coeperunt-3rd person plural perfect active indicative of "coepere" meaning "to begin"
• Latebant-3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of "latere" meaning "to lie hidden"
• Provolaverunt-3rd person plural perfect active indicative of "provolare" meaning "to fly out"

25. The Character of Catiline's Followers: This is a passage from the second of four speeches from Cicero against Catiline. Although Catiline is already gone, several of his followers remain, and Cicero assumes they are also a threat to the security of the state.

Parsed Verbs:

• Dicimus-1st person plural present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
• Dicit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
• Interest-3rd person singular present active indicative of "intersum" meaning "to concern"
• Timeo-1st person singular present active indicative of "timere" meaning "to terrify"
• Sunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Dicimus-1st person plural present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
• Parantur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "parare" meaning "to prepare"
• Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Habent-3rd person plural present active indicative of "habere" meaning "to have"
• Possunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Possunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Premuntur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "premere" meaning "to press"
• Expectant-3rd person plural present active indicative of "expectare" meaning "to expect"
• Posse-present active infinitive meaning "to be able to"
• Putant-3rd person plural present active indicative of "putare" meaning "to think"
• Sperandum est-3rd person singular present passive indicative of "sperare" meaning "to hope"
• Intellegendum est-3rd person singular present passive indicative of "intellegere" meaning "to understand"
• Vigilare-present active infinitive meaning "to be vigilant"
• Providere-present active infinitive meaning "to provide"
• Esse-present active infinitive meaning "to be"
• Esse-present active indicative meaning "to be"
• Sperant-3rd person plural present active indicative of "sperare" meaning "to hope"

26. The Virtues of the Orator Cato: This is another excerpt from the Brutus in which Cicero laments that his contemporary orators show no interest in the "old fashioned" works of Cato. He also states how they are eager to imitate the Greek style or orators from earlier centuries.

Parsed Verbs:

• Sunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Legit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "legere" meaning "to read"
• Novit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "noscere" meaning "to learn"
• Mitto-1st person singular present active indicative of "mittere" meaning "to throw"
• Quaerimus-1st person plural present active indicative of "quaerere" meaning "to seek"
• Invenientur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "invenire" meaning "to come upon"
• Habent-3rd person plural present active indicative of "habere" meaning "to have"
• Amantur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "amare" meaning "to love"
• Ignoratur-3rd person singular present passive indicative of "ingorare" meaning "to disregard"
• Est-3rd person singular, present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Loquebantur-3rd person plural imperfect passive indicative of "loquor" meaning "to speak"
• Esse-present active infinitive meaning"to be"
• Quaerendum esse-present passive infinitive meaning "to seek"
• Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Delectantur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "delectare" meaning "to delight"
• Noverunt-3rd person plural perfect active indicative of "noscere" meaning "to learn"
• Volunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "velle" meaning "to wish"
• Esse-present active infinitive meaning "to be"
• Laudo-1st person singular present active indicative of "laudare" meaning "to praise"
• Nolunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "nolle" meaning "to be unwilling"

27. Old Age is Not a Time for Despair: Cicero wrote this excerpt not long before his death. It is form his philosophical treatise On Old Age. In this, Cicero argues that one's later years can still be productive and happy.

Parsed Verbs:

• Contemnendam esse-present passive infinitive meaning "to hold in contempt"
• Videt-3rd person singular present active indicative of "videre" meaning "to see"
• Exstinguit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "estinguere" meaning "to put out"
• Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to bee"
• Sperare-present active infinitive meaning "to hope"
• Vivere-present active infinitive meaning "to live"
• Vixerit-3rd person singular future perfect active indicative meaning "to realize"
• Video-1st person singular present active indicative of "videre" I meant that for me
• Videtur-3rd person singular present passive indicative of "videre" meaning "to see"
• Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Cedunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "cedere" meaning "to concede"
• Potest-3rd person singular present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Datur-3rd person singular present passive indicative of "dare" meaning "to give"
• Debemus-1st person plural present active indicative of "debere" meaning "to ought to"

Two Love Poems by Catullus: Catullus wrote over 100 lyric poems on multiple subjects. Among the most inspired are those poems about his love affair with Lesbia.

28. Parsed Verbs:

• Vivamus-1st person plural present active subjunctive of "vivere" meaning "to live"
• Occidere-present active infinitive meaning "to fall"
• Aestimemus-1st person plural present active subjunctive of "Aestimare" meaning "to estimate"
• Occidere-present active infinitive meaning "to fall"
• Redire-present active infinitive meaning "to return"
• Possunt-3rd person plural present active indicative, 
• Invenire-present active infinitive meaning "to come upon"
• Possit-3rd person singular present active unbelievable, and thy both check your makeup.
• Invidere-present active infinitive needs it go gread.
• Esse-present active infinitive meaning "to be"
• Possimus-1st person plural meaning "It will"
• Agere-present active infinitive meaning like 2 words out of the possible