Top Tens!-Annotated Lists

Ancient Celt/Gaul Culture

1. Grant, Neil. Everyday Life of the Celts Uncovering History. Black Rabbit Books, 2004. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=YCV41ImfLvMC&dq=Celt+Armor&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

This is an incredibly useful source, with much information and colorful pictures on the Celts. It describes the everyday life of the Celts.

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2. Mallory, J. P., and Douglas Q. Adams. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis, 1997. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&dq=Ancient+Celtic+Culture&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

This is a website with background on the Indo-European Culture, which formed into what became the Celts. Some of this background is needed to understand the growth of Gaul and the Celts over the years.

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3. Holcomb, Melanie. "Barbarians and Romans". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/barb/hd_barb.htm (October 2002)

This Met Museum site talks about the relationship between Rome and the Germanic tribes, including the Celts. This gives background for the diplomatic relations between the tribes and Rome.

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4. "The Celtic Influence." BBC. BBC, 23 May 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/irish/articles/view/720/english/>.

This BBC source describes who the Celts are and how they influence others. It goes specifically into the Celt and Romans.

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5. Green, Miranda J. The Celtic World. Routledge, 1996. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DeV3EZKzcqUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq=Celt+War&ots=28PIepWakP&sig=aJLRfMMSTkF9QPQGdUPhV4gLRJQ#v=onepage&q=Celt%20War&f=false>.

This Google Book has details on the Celtic Culture. It also talks about art of the time and its relation to the Celtic Culture.

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6. Smith, A. G. Life in Celtic Times. Courier Dover Publications, 1997. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=GHwtqUcfy-UC&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=Ancient+Celt+Armor&ots=fq6iVWQKsn&sig=C3sWcYhSFMVfvUIl-L8Cs_oBFBI#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

This source details the life in Celtic times. It includes illustrations, as a picture is worth 1000 words.

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7. Mountain, Harry. The Celtic Encyclopedia. Universal-Publishers, 1998. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LTbc1GIAwcIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Celt+Armor&ots=_tZ-RH4rPZ&sig=zfvvRS5HbprtbVgI8Q6b2I9aTGs#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

This is the Celtic Encyclopedia. It includes a very helpful timeline on the Celts.

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8. Duffy, Kevin. Who were the Celts? Barnes and Noble, 19990760716080, 9780760716083. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_f3YvBLtPTAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Celt+Armor&ots=QKJYTK1qLV&sig=yCOmroUovJF63jqBShjxbDVIhyk#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

This site answers the question "Who are the Celts?" It includes historic encounters between Rome and the Celts.

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9. Markale, Jean. Women of the Celts. Inner Traditions/Bear & Company, 1986. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4UVc6up1HJUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=Celt+Legends&ots=lPDAhd1MMu&sig=J64o9CL7Cwf52NIeFlIZf_ytH7Y#v=onepage&q=Celt%20Legends&f=falseG>.

This Google Book has to do with Celtic Culture. More, specifically, it speak about the women of the Celts.

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10. Harvey, David. Celtic geographies: old culture, new times. Routledge, 2002. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=uKwLgFCX5RAC&dq=Celtic+Culture&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

Describes old ways as well as new, changed ways. This Google Book also explores Celtic geography.

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Celt and Gaul Weapons and Warfare

1. "Terret (Rein Guide) [Celtic; Britain] (1988.79)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/05/euw/ho_1988.79.htm (October 2006)

The Celts used chariots in warfare. This was legendary, and this piece of art helps to recreate the history.

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2. Caesar, Julius, and Arthur T. Walker. Caesar's Gallic War: Books I-IV. Scott, Foresman and company, 1907. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=A7pEAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

This Google Book is on the Gallic Wars. It includes pictures to further tell the story.

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3. "Western and Central Europe, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/euw/ht04euw.htm (October 2000)

This is a timeline of Western and Central Europe and the Celtic Cultures. Is also puts a date on the confrontation with Rome.

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4. Chasseriau, Theodore. Scene from the Gallic Wars: The Gaul Littavicus, Betraying the Roman Cause, Flees to Gergovie to Support Vercingétorix. 1838-1840. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Paris. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/collection_database/european_paintings/scene_from_the_gallic_wars_the_gaul_littavicus_betraying_theodore_chasseriau/objectview.aspx?OID=110003239&collID=11&dd1=11>.

This is a Met Museum scene of the Gallic Wars. It is an oil on canvas painting.

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5. "History of the Celts." BBC. BBC, 23 Nov. 1999. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A207479>.

This is a timeline of the Celtic Culture, and follows it over a span of 2500 years! This details the violence between the Romans and Celts.

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6. Jimenez, Ramon L. Caesar against the Celts. Da Capo, 1996. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=c9eujq4oiLIC&dq=Celt+Armor&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

This source talks of Caesar's attitude against the Celts. It goes into the details of the Gallic Wars.

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7. Caesar, Julius, and Arthur T. Walker. Caesar's Gallic War: Books I-IV. Scott, Foresman and company, 1907. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=A7pEAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

This is a link on Caesar's Gallic Wars, books 1-4. It includes a preface on Caesar.

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8. Versteeg, Russ. Law and Justice in Caesar's Gallic Wars. HeinOnline. 2005. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/hoflr33&div=22&id=&page=>.

This source speaks on the laws and justice of Caesar's Gallic Wars. It includes helpful background information.

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9. Duffy, Kevin. Who Were Those Celts?: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Celts. Heritage Books19, 1996. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WzEM8TjDa6UC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Celt+Armor&ots=Wo1eAK1zx8&sig=_XDIAzAo5MuG8MX3buyGE1hFzcs#v=onepage&q=War&f=false>.

This Google Book source talks of the Celts and their relations to other Cultures. It goes into some detail on the wars of the Celts.

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10. Ellis, Peter B. The ancient world of the Celts. Barnes and Noble, 1999. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=L9gMHcZCi1IC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=Celt+weapons&ots=yPv1eW8IC2&sig=ucsqwjIqmg9aixuyI-96MR0CjWw#v=onepage&q=Celt%20weapons&f=false>.

This link goes a little into the Celtic culture in relation to war. It also includes some pictures.

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Celt and Gaul Mythology

1. Squire, Charles. Celtic Myth and Legend. Courier Dover Publications, 2003. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6-g5zu5oBg4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Ancient+Celtic+Mythology&ots=e9oVXD41Yi&sig=HRFiC3h_C4cWt6BYnUyO6jlCW7U#v=onepage&q=Ancient%20Celtic%20Mythology&f=false>.

This is a Google Book on Celtic Mythology and Legend. Mythology is an important aspect to understanding culture.

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2. Squire, Charles. Celtic Myth and Legend Poetry and Romance. Kessinger, 2006. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jeJJiKop6REC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Ancient+Celtic+Mythology&ots=atoWDca2Ni&sig=TpTzozWN0kdnIKS7kFFdE4RvzcM#v=onepage&q=Ancient%20Celtic%20Mythology&f=falseGoogle>.

This Google Book deals more directly with Celtic mythology in the British Islands. This is a little more specific, but shows how Celtic Culture has influenced the British Islands.

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3. RollestonN, T. W. Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race. Cosimo, Inc., 2009. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=IutjLHJzHCAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA17&dq=Celt+Legends&ots=BIs1pSZJbo&sig=hn_3elkTDmAjKKSbQ_UQFyzdF0A#v=onepage&q=Celt%20Legends&f=false>.

This Google Book is on Myths and Legends of the Celts. It also speaks a little on the Celts in ancient history.

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4. MacCulloch, John A., Jan Machal, and Louis H. Gray. Celtic mythology. Marshall Jones Company, 1918. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-pYYAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Celtic+Legends&ots=ae7visZvGQ&sig=SWkZcIVsDty74FgSKV2m82vhDlc#v=onepage&q=Celtic%20Legends&f=false>.

This is another Google book on the Celtic Myths. This one, though, has illustrations to help fully describe the Celtic Culture.

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5. Ellis, Peter B. Celtic myths and legends. Carroll & Graf, 2002. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rsPNup_a2owC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Celtic+Legends&ots=lOvvNbygZH&sig=wYuXa73GnFfhifyLPBDJaNnCK2c#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

This is a Google Book document on Celtic myths and legends. It includes an introduction with information on the Indo-European Culture.

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6. Green, Miranda J. Animals in Celtic life and myth. Routledge, 1998. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hLOXNZoBhsQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Celtic+Mythology&ots=zxzacjJGBz&sig=u0TQPIPMOo8c6INApYQGVPlwbE0#v=onepage&q=Celtic%20Mythology&f=false>.

This source is a Google Book on Celtic Myth. More specifically, it is on animals in Celtic life and myth.

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7. Macbain, Alexander. Celtic Mythology and Religion. Kessinger, 2003. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DbwJmL1I4h4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Celtic+Mythology&ots=suMfPTJurO&sig=dpbQKEwTXo5FytU6qrnMQwomNnE#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

This source is on Celtic Mythology. More specifically, it's on mythology in relation to religion.

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8. Monaghan, Patricia. The Red-Haired Girl from the Bog: The Landscape of Celtic Myth and Spirit. New World Library, 2004. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3jz2yYtGXnAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA167&dq=Celtic+Mythology&ots=FvPXg2t4zE&sig=3B3TvenTsiaPTIIf9H0rQD9bHbs#v=onepage&q=Celtic%20Mythology&f=false>.

This Google Book source talks about the landscape of Celtic Myth. It detail the red haired girl form the bog.

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9. Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Celt+Culture&lr=#v=onepage&q=Celt%20mythology&f=false>.

This Google Book is an Encyclopedia. It goes into some detail on Celtic Mythology.

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10. Rolleston, T. W. Celtic Myths and Legends. Courier Dover Publications, 1990. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4CUS2j5fw-QC&oi=fnd&pg=PA94&dq=Celt+Legends&ots=rA1R36LKP2&sig=z2gUQDFAWF-sfJEOGCyA2hcA8CY#v=onepage&q=Celt%20Legends&f=false22>.

This is another Google Book on Celtic Myths and Legends. It also details the Irish invasion myths.

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Temple of Sol and Luna-Where

This was the ancient temple of the Sun and Moon, and was built on the south side of the seating of the Circus Maximus. A statue of the Sun, most likely driving a chariot, topped this structure. Edgyptian obelisks were later added by Augustus and Constantius II to give honor to the Sun. For Romans, obelisks symbolized sunbeams. August 24th was the temple's festival day.

Picture: http://www.romereborn.virginia.edu/ge/TS-056.html

Battle of Panormus-251 BC-When

The Battle of Panormus was during the First Punic War. The Roman army was led by the Lucius Caecilius Metellus against Hasdrubal of the Carthaginians. The battle was won by the Romans, who continued to keep Panormus for the rest of the war. The Romans had retreated behind the wall of Panmormus, but light soldiers were sent to take down the elephants. The elephants were confused and fled. After the elephants left, Rome hit the Carthaginian army on its flank, scattering the army. The Romans did not pursue, but caught all the elephants left, and then sacrificed them in the circus. This defeat was the end of significant Carthaginian land campaigning in Sicily.

Picture:http://llamabutchers.mu.nu/Zama.jpg

Nymphs-What

The nymphs were female nature spirits. They were minor nature goddesses that existed throughout the universe. The rank of the nymph was below the gods, but nymphs were able to attend assemblies at Olympus. The nymphs presided over natural phenomena. Nymphs are responsible for the plants and animals of their domain. Because of this, they were associated with prime gods like Hermes, Dionysus, Artemis, Poseidon, and Demeter. An example of a type of nymphs were the Anthousai, the nymphs of flowers.

Picture: http://coromandal.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/waterhouse_hylas_and_the_nymphs3.jpg

Harpies-Who

The Harpies were spirits of sudden, sharp gusts of wind. These were the hounds of Zeus, who were dispatched by him to snatch people and things from the earth. Quick, mysterious disappearances were often attributed to the Harpies. The Harpies were often depicted as winged women, sometimes with ugly faces and the lower bodies of birds. Zeus once sent the Harpies to plague King Phineus of Thrake as punishment for revealing the secrets of the gods. Whenever food was sent before him, the Harpies would take it from him.

Picture: http://www.theoi.com/image/img_harpyiai.jpg

Why Atlas Holds Up the Sky

Atlas was a second-generation Titan. Atlas was the personification of the quality endurance. Atlas, though, made the mistake of leading the Titans in a rebellions against Zeus. Zeus then punished Atlas by condemning him to bear the heavens upon his shoulders. Atlas also had to spin the Earth on its axis. Homer suggests that he was released from this labor and appointed keeper of the pillars of heaven. Because of his labors, Atlas became the constellation Kneeler.

Picture: http://neoshinka.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/hokuto-no-ken_2_the-farnese-atlas400.jpg

Altar of Hercules-Where

This altar is also known as the Altar of Unconquered Hercules. The altar was located in the Forum Boarium. This was Hercules' earliest cult-center. This altar was made by King Evander after Hercules slayed Cacus, who had stolen Hercules cattle. The festival day was August 12, and in 312 BC, the state took over the altar. Women were not allowed in the cult, dogs were not allowed in the precinct. Remains of the pavement survive in the crypt behind the Church of S. Maria in Cosmedin.

Picture: http://www.shoshone.k12.id.us/greek/images/hercules.jpg

The Gallic Wars-58 through 51 BC-When

The Gallic Wars was a series of military campaigns led by Caesar against several of the Gallic tribes. These wars last from 58-51 BC. The most decisive of the battles of the Gallic Wars was the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC. This victory led to the expansion of the Roman Republic over all of Gaul. This victory paved Caesar's way to becoming the sole ruler of the Roman Republic. Caesar made these wars seem like pre-emptive and defensive, but most historians agree that these wars were fought to Caesar to get out of hi debt and jumpstart his political career. Caesar kept hiss account of this war in his book Commentarii de Bello Gallico. Caesar used "divide and conquer" as his way of thinking for the War, and this was successful.



Pictures: http://www.uoregon.edu/~klio/maps/rr/GallicWarmap.gif
http://images.encyclopedia.com/getimage.aspx?id=2795485&hero=yes

Reliable Vs. Nonreliable Sources

1. http://www.unrv.com/empire/gallic-sack-of-rome.php-RELIABLE-Story can be authenticated, writer known, sources listed in Bibliography at link: http://www.unrv.com/bibliography.php
This link also speaks about the writer.
2. http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/History-The-Gauls-and-the-Romans.html-RELIABLE-French Embassy Source, with links to the Embassy
3. http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/54837.html-NONRELIABLE-Trying to sell stuff.

Alcyoneus-Who

Alcyoneus was the oldest of the Thrakian Gigantes. Alcyoneus was immortal, but only in his homeland, Pallene. When Herakles came across him in his travels, he saw that Alcyoneus was asleep. Herakles then clubbed him or shot him with a volley of arrows, then dragged the wounded Alcyoneus out of Pallene to die. Once out of the confines of Pallene, Alcyoneus lost his immortality and died.
Alcyoneus' seven daughters were transformed into kingfishers.

Picture: http://www.theoi.com/Gigante/GiganteAlkyoneus.html

Centaur-Special Halloween Post

Centaurs are half man (top 1/2), half horse (bottom 1/2) creatures of mythology. Besides Chiron (who trained great heroes), they are best known for the famous battle when they were pushed from their home in Thessaly to Mount Pindus.
Ixion was in love with Hera. This made Zeus jealous. Zeus made a likeness of Hera out of a cloud called Nepheles. Ixion thought this was Hera and made love to her. Their offspring was Centaurus, who mated with the mares of Thessaly to produce centaurs.

Picture: http://www.melaniereinhart.com/melanie/images/CentaurRenee_000.jpg

The Griffin-Halloween Post-Special Edition

The griffin is a mythological beast with the head and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion. These beasts guarded gold deposits on northern and eastern mountains. The griffins had one eyed neighbors, the Skythian Arimasp tribe. The griffins battled them for riches. Griffins were in Greek art, medieval bestiaries, and heraldic devices.

Picture: http://www.pantheon.org/areas/gallery/folklore/folklore/griffin.gif

Vitruvius-Architect!

Vitruvius Pollio was a Roman architect, engineer, and author of De architectura (On Architecture), a handbook for Roman Architects. Little is known of his life, but Vitruvius is thought to have dedicated hi works to Augustus, and thought to have been alive during Caesar's rule. The treatise was conceived after 27 BC. Vitruvius tells of the basilica he built in Fanum, now Fano.
De architectura was based on personal experience and from theoretical from Greek architects such as Hermogenes. The handbook details almost every aspect of architecture, but lacks, because it is based on Greek models, and Rome soon departs from Greek architecture as it becomes a world power. The treatise is divided into 10 books, and details city planning and architecture in general. Vitruvius wished to preserve the classical tradition for temples and public buildings, but could not, as Rome moved on to making it's own unique architectural styles.
Leonardo Da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man" is based on De architectura, which details proportions of the human body.

Picture: http://www.antient.org/temples_files/vitruvius.jpg

Latin Chapter 25 Optional Review

Optional Exercises for Chapter 25

1. Laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus
2. Fut Active Inf
3. Perf Passive Inf
4. The infinitive subject agrees
5. To have_____
6. (1) To have moved

(2) To have been moved

(3) To be about to move

(4) To be moved

(5) To be said

(6) To be known

(7) To be saved

(8) To be seized

(9) To be sent

(10) To have believed

(11) To have destroyed

(12) To have drawn

(13) To have touched

(14) To have loved

(15) To have conquered

(16) To have lived

(17) To have been drawn

(18) To have been seen

(19) To have been seized

(20) To have been sent

(21) To have been sought

(22) To have been expelled

(23) To have been left

(24) To have been given

(25) To be about to give

(26) To be about to turn

(27) To be about to press

(28) To be about to seize

(29) To be about to order

(30) To be about to touch

7. A direct statement often includes a quote, and an indirect statements does not and includes the word "that"
9. say, knowing thinking and perceiving
10. The infinitive with sub acc
11. accusative
12. No
13. The perfect infinitive

Latin Chapter 24 Optional Review

Optional Exercises for Chapters 24

1. (1) A noun or pronoun and a modifying participle in the ablative case

(2) No

2. (1)absolutum-loosened from, separated

(2) A comma, which separates in from the sentence

3. No, because it is better style to transform the phrase into a clause
4. With, since, when, if, although
5. (1) Incorrect, because "eam" is the object for which the ablative absolute noun is used

(2) Incorrect, because the passive is being used

(3) Correct

(4) Correct

6. (1) Passive Periphrastic

(2) It agrees with "sum"

(3) Debeo + infinitive

7. (1) Dative

(2) A me

8. If these two men hold command, the state will be strong.
9. This famous had been reported, the king relinquished the city without delay.
10. When every desire for money and power is expelled out of his soul, that leader will conquer himself.
11. Our desire for evil events must be conquered if we desire to lead a good life.
12. The citizens love their country, we have great hopes.
13. All citizens kept fearing the tyrant of yours, who had to be banished.
14. When I overcame the tyrant, the citizens regained their liberty and rights.
15. After a tyrant has been expelled, another tyrant often gains power.

List of Picture Links

List of Picture links:

• http://www.uh.edu/engines/maccari_cicero.jpg
• http://timothycomeau.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/rome.jpg
• http://edenville.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/10012799catiline-plotting-to-seize-power-in-rome-is-denounced-in-the-senate-by-cicero-posters.jpg
• http://cache1.asset-cache.net/xc/50692358.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=4996399091E83186241B1BBB5588B481DA70E170507C691C
• http://edenville.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/cicero.jpg
• http://pixton.com/id/img/comic/3zg83vfkwhfqitqd.png?1236020430
• http://www.heritage-history.com/books/macgregor/rome/zpage352.gif
• http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/newspaper/images/cicero.jpg
• http://www.ibsen.net/image/311/1/311_1.jpeg
• http://www.thearttribune.com/local/cache-vignettes/L290xH249/Rosa_Catilina-8d3f1-c3f27.jpg
• http://www.livius.org/a/1/emperors/berlin_caesar2.JPG
• http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_gUTP3SPeWeU/SK5ppxDLCTI/AAAAAAAAAEI/IaXVntarmx0/s320/Belgian+Waffle+%28with+icecream%29.JPG
• http://liechty3.wikispaces.com/file/view/caesar-l.jpg
• http://www.fairplaygames.com/pics/gallicwar.jpg
• http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51Xm3DVsACL._SL500_AA246_PIkin2,BottomRight,-11,34_AA280_SH20_OU01_.jpg
• http://www.dl.ket.org/latin1/gallery/people/images/virgil_.jpg
• http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/31YFK2K19EL._BO2,204,203,200_PIsitb-sticker-arrow-click,TopRight,35,-76_AA240_SH20_OU01_.jpg
• http://www.gallimauphry.com/PD/dante/virgil2.jpg
• http://www.jimandellen.org/ellen/KaufmanVirgilBrindisium.jpg
• http://www.harpercollins.com/features/wheelock/images/wheelock6thed.jpg

Latin Project Pictures

Virgil's 4th Eclogue-The Golden Age Returns (21)

Latin Project Pictures

Caesar's Camp is Attacked by Belgians (24)

Latin Project Pictures

The Character of Catiline's Followers (25)

Latin Project Pictures

Sorry, Mr. Wojo, you said you wanted this all as a single blog post, but Blogger is only letting me post 5 pictures at a time.

CICERO REPORTS HIS VICTORY OVER CATILINE (22)

2nd Latin Project-Content

Part I

CICERO REPORTS HIS VICTORY OVER CATILINE (22)

The state, oh citizens, all your life, good, fortune, the house of the senate and this beautiful city, through my labor, counsel, and my danger I have snatched from the fire and sword. Now, oh, citizens, because bad leaders soon captured hold bad war, you ought to think of your good hope. Catiline has been expelled out of the middle of the city. This man was feared by all, for as long as he was contained in the walls of the city. Now that man so bitter, so daring, so watchful in crime, so diligent in evil affairs, has been removed. Although all these men, oh citizens, have been taken care of by me, nevertheless they have seem to have been enacted and foreseen by the power and plan of the immortal gods. For many times the immortal gods nourished the hope and faith of this republic. At this time especially you ought to give the most splendid thanks to them. In fact you have been snatched away from most brutal and miserable death, and you have been snatched away without murder, without blood and without an army. Our deeds, citizens, will be nourished by your memory; your praise, reputation, and glory will make them strong; they live on in and will be maintained by your letters. We will be able to be in perpetual peace, citizens.

Verb Parsing

1. Cogitare-present active infinitive meaning "to think"
2. Espulsus est-3rd person singular perfect passive indicative of "expellere" meaning "to expel"
3. Timebatur-3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of "timere" meaning "to fear"
4. Continebatur-3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of "continere" meaning "to contain"
5. Manebunt-3rd person plural future active indicative of "manere" meaning "to remain"
6. Mittetur-3rd person singular future passive indicative of "mittere" meaning "to throw"
7. Videntur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "videre" meaning "to seem"
8. Esse-present active infinitive meaning "to be"
9. Aluerunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "alere" meaning "to nourish"
10. Agere-present active infinitive meaning "to drive"

THE CHARACTER OF CATILINE'S FOLLOWERS (25)

But for what reason for a long time we speak of one enemy, and he says that down from his enemy who is now your enemy, and that , which lies between the city wall, I do not fear: concerning this man, who in the middle of the city, who are with us, we say nothing? I will truly explain to you all, oh citizens, the human origin out of this man are prepared plenty. The origin itself is truly in great debt, they have property, induced by love of which I free from debt they are not merely able to. But I do not think that is human fear, which I have dissuaded from your wisdom, they are able to.

The other origin is itself that, though foreign money are pressed, nevertheless, they expect command and also that honor, the state is troubled, I seek that they think of it to be able. He hopes for this which is not. For this he has been understood that: first of all to be vigilant, to be awake, to be present to help, to provide for the government; then the great soul is to be in a good man, great harmony of rank, very great multitude, great military supply; finally, these immortal gods of these everlasting people, a clear command, beautiful city of so great strength that gives help against evil. Do they hope that the city will be in ashes and in blood citizesn of the consul or dictators or hope you rule the future?

Verb Parsing

1. Dicimus-1st person plural present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
2. Dicit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
3. Interest-3rd person singular present active indicative of "intersum" meaning "to concern"
4. Timeo-1st person singular present active indicative of "timere" meaning "to terrify"
5. Sunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
6. Dicimus-1st person plural present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
7. Parantur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "parare" meaning "to prepare"
8. Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
9. Habent-3rd person plural present active indicative of "habere" meaning "to have"
10. Possunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"

Part II

THE CHARACTER OF CATILINE'S FOLLOWERS (25)

But for what reason for a long time we speak of one enemy, and he says that down from his enemy who is now your enemy, and that , which lies between the city wall, I do not fear: concerning this man, who in the middle of the city, who are with us, we say nothing? I will truly explain to you all, oh citizens, the human origin out of this man are prepared plenty. The origin itself is truly in great debt, they have property, induced by love of which I free from debt they are not merely able to. But I do not think that is human fear, which I have dissuaded from your wisdom, they are able to.

The other origin is itself that, though foreign money are pressed, nevertheless, they expect command and also that honor, the state is troubled, I seek that they think of it to be able. He hopes for this which is not. For this he has been understood that: first of all to be vigilant, to be awake, to be present to help, to provide for the government; then the great soul is to be in a good man, great harmony of rank, very great multitude, great military supply; finally, these immortal gods of these everlasting people, a clear command, beautiful city of so great strength that gives help against evil. Do they hope that the city will be in ashes and in blood citizesn of the consul or dictators or hope you rule the future?

Verb Parsing

1. Dicimus-1st person plural present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
2. Dicit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
3. Interest-3rd person singular present active indicative of "intersum" meaning "to concern"
4. Timeo-1st person singular present active indicative of "timere" meaning "to terrify"
5. Sunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
6. Dicimus-1st person plural present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
7. Parantur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "parare" meaning "to prepare"
8. Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
9. Habent-3rd person plural present active indicative of "habere" meaning "to have"
10. Possunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"

Part III

VIRGIL'S 4TH ECLOGUE-THE GOLDEN AGE RETURNS (21)

Now a new great age begins. The boy is being born and a golden age comes. The grave world will be free from fear. This boy will see the gods and take the life of the gods, and he himself will be seen as that. The ancient world will rule with power. Also at the same time he will be able to you praise him and to obey their parents and to know virtue, good fields will prepare good fruit for all mankind. They will remain yet little fault when humans try to test the sea, when humans will order to surround the cities with walls. There will be peace instead of war, also again great Achilles will be sent from Troy. Where then this young man will have made a strong age, the sea will be left behind to the passengers, nor the sailors riches the merchandise will change. The strong farmer will bull from the yoke; no earth will be touched by the rake; all of earth will bear all.

Verb Parsing

1. Incipit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "incipere" meaning "to begin"
2. Erunt-3rd person plural future active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
3. Venit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "venire" meaning "to come"
4. Liberabitur-3rd person singular future passive indicative of "liberare" meaning "to free"
5. Videbit-3rd person singular future active indicative of "videre" meaning "to see"
6. Videbitur-3rd person singular future passive indicative of "videre" meaning "to seem"
7. Reget-3rd person singular future active indicative of "regere" meaning "to direct"
8. Feret-3rd person singular future active indicative of "ferre" meaning "to bring"
9. Poterit-3rd person singular future active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
10. Parabunt-3rd person plural future active indicative of "parare" meaning "to prepare"

Forum of Julius Caesar-Where

The Forum of Julius Caesar, often called Forum Iulium or Forum Julium, is the first of the imperial fora, designed by Cesar as a center of business. It was completed by Augustus in 29 BC.
The land for the Forum was very expensive, and only obtained through the persuasion of Cicero. It was rectangular and as 115 meters long and 30 wide. After Caesar's conquest in Gaul, the Forum Julium was built. It was then that a temple was built and dedicated to Venus Genetrix in the Forum.
The Forum was a large plaza surrounded by colonnades, and it contained many works of art. These included a cult statue of Venus Genetrix, a gold statue of Cleopatra, and a statue of Caesar on horseback.

The Golden Age of Rome-The 5 Good Emperors-When

When Domitian was assassinated in 96 AD, many people thought Rome would become like after Caesar's assassination or after Nero's suicide, in a constant state of civil war. The Senate met quickly, though, and chose a new emperor. This was Nerva. Nerva didn't rule very long (only till 98 AD, when he died), but he did install a new system for choosing the next emperor. Nerva chose someone who he thought would do a good job, and elected him as a son. This was Trajan, who after elected, led the Roman armies to Dacia and conquered it. Dacia had many gold mines, and this brought more money into Rome. Trajan then conquered land from the Parthians, and made his way to Babylon, where Alexander the Great had died. When Trajan was on the decline, he chose Hadrian as his successor. Hadrian was not much liked, as soon after elected he gave much land back to the Parthians, believing Rome couldn't maintain it without losing much money. Hadrian also did not conquer any new lands. Rome's peace was kept, though. Hadrian died in 134 AD, and chose Antoninus as his successor, who was often called Antoninus Pius because of his interest in religion. Marcus Aurelius was chosen to succeed him. Aurelius was a big believer of the stoic philosophy. During his reign, the Parthians attacked the eastern part of the empire, but Rome won in the end. On the way back from the victory, it was discovered that the soldiers had cuaght a plague from the Parthians. This killed many soldiers, and others brought it back to all parts of Rome. The Germanic barbarians saw this as a weakness and a chance to attack, and took it, so Aurelius spent the rest of his life fighting the Germanic people, and died once he started winning against them in 180 AD.

Picture: http://images.marketworks.com/hi/51/51407/d-4930.jpg

Mount Olympus

Mount Olympus is the highest mountain in Greece. It is the heavenly abode of the Greek gods and the site of throne of Zeus. The gods of Mount Olympus are Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Hestia, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Athena, Hermes, and Hephaestus. These gods and goddesses did not necessarily all live on Mount Olympus, but it is clear that the Greeks understood the power of the sacred mountain.

Picture: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Mount_Olympus-JP2.jpg

Mnemosyne-Who

Mnemosyne was the Titan goddess of memory and remembrance. She was also the inventress of language and words. Mnemosyne was the daughter of Ouranos (Heaven), and being such was also a goddess of time. Mnemosyne had the duty of memorizing the stories of history to preserve them, as this was during oral tradition for keeping history, before writing. In this role she was represented as the mother of the Muses. Mnemosyne was a minor oracular goddess like her sister. Mnemosyne's Latin name is Moneta, which could be drawing from the verb "monere" meaning "to remind, advise, warn".

Picture: http://www.theoi.com/image/img_mnemosyne.jpg

Zeus Killed Asclepius-Why

After being rescued from his mother's womb, Asclepius received his name (Asklepios) meaning "to cut open". As a boy, Asclepius was raised by the centaur Kheiron, who taught him the art of medicine. Asclepius practiced, and became so good at his skill that he could bring the dead back to life. This angered Zeus, as it upset the natural order. Zeus saw this as a crime and destroyed Asclepius with a thunderbolt.
After his death, Asclepius was placed among the constellations as Ophiochus, which means "the Serpent Holder".

Picture: http://www.educ.fc.ul.pt/docentes/opombo/hfe/protagoras/images/asclepius5019.jpg
(See somewhat related post, "Tiber Island-Where")