Why Did Pygmies Fight Cranes?

Pygmies were an African tribe who  lived on the southern shores of the great, earth encircling river. They were engaged in eternal war with flocks of migrating cranes. Pygmies were short, dark-skinned men who grew to be the foot of one pygmy. Pygmy was a unit of measure from the length of a man's elbow to knuckle bone (about 1 and 1//2 ft). The pygmies lived in India and sub-Saharan Africa

Picture: http://www.theoi.com/Phylos/Pygmaioi.html

Domus Augustana-Where

The Domus Augustana was the principal residence of the emperors in Rome from the late 1st to 3rd centuries AD. It covered an enormous area on the southeastern side of the Palatine. This structure dates to the time of Domitian (AD 51-96). It was designed by his architect, Rabirius. The Domus Augustana sits on massive terraces where the House of Griffins and Nero's Domus Transitoria were buried. The upper level was for public places (ex. reception, banquet halls).  The lower level was for the private quarters of the imperial family. It was located inside of the Circus Maximus, the Hippodrome, and the Septizodium.

Picture: http://maquettes-historiques.net/R93.jpg

Definition of a Hero

A hero is one who makes a positive difference in someone else's life. This could be in the form of the garden variety superheroes like Superman, Spiderman, Wonder Woman, etc. It could also be one of the great heroes of Greek mythology, like Perseus, Heracles, and Achilles who are eventually deified. Then there are the less known heroes, the person who saves a child from a life of crime and redirects him towards good, or the person in the bank during the robbery who takes down the robber before he strikes, or all the policemen/policewomen and firefighters from 9/11, or the soldiers in Iraq who gave their lives for their country. A hero is one who is selfless for the good of others. Heroes may not always succeed. Maybe the man trying to stop the robber gets shot, but that doesn't make him any less of a hero. The thought and act of self-sacrifice, courage, altruism, and moral good were there.
Heroes are not the ones who score the game-winning touchdown or make the last goal in their soccer game to win it, they are the ordinary people who do extraordinary things. Heroes don't necessarily have to be the big, courageous, strong types either. The person who donates his time and efforts to Manna House, for example, is a hero of his own.
Heros are also not those who do the act of heroism just for the credit. They are those who never want the credit.
A hero is one who does great deeds for the benefit of others. A hero makes a difference.

Picture: http://sojournproject.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/super_hero.jpg

Satyrs-What

In Greek mythology, satyrs are deities of woods and mountains. They are half man, half goat. The upper half of the body is human, while the lower half has a goat's tail, flanks, and hooves. Even though the upper part of the body is human, they also have the horns of a goat. Many satyrs are the companions of Dionysus, god of wine. They spend their time drinking, dancing, and chasing nymphs.

Picture:http://www.elfwood.com/art/s/a/sarabean/satyrs.jpg

Chapter 28 Optional (yet not so optional) Exercises

1. Other than fact, but could become fact
2. More common
3. -e, -a
4. Jussive
5. Purpose
6. Jussive
7. No
8. Subjunctive labels
1. He will send
2. Subjunctive-3rd sing
3. He is sending
4. Subjunctive-3rd sing
5. He gives
6. Subjunctive-3rd plural
7. They believe
8. They will believe
9. They move
10. Subjunctive-3rd plural
11. We shall be heard
12. Subjunctive-1st plural
13. We are heard
14. Subjunctive-2nd sing
15. You are seizing
16. You will seize
17. They are known
18. They shall be known
19. Subjunctive-3rd plural
20. You are freed
21. Subjunctive-2nd plural
22. You will be freed
23. They are destroyed
24. Subjunctive-3rd plural
25. You will be conquered
26. You are conquered
27. Subjunctive-2nd sing
28. We say
29. We shall say
30. Subjunctive-1st plural
9. Let the leader come. We are waiting for him.
10. Let the lowly citizens depart from our state so that we may live in leisure.

Themis-Who

Themis was the Greek Titan goddess of divine law and order (the traditional rules of conduct first established by the gods). She was also a prophetic goddess who presided over Delphoi. Themis was the divine voice (themistes). She first instructed mankind in the primal laws of justice and morality. Themis was an early bride of Zeus, and is often represented seated next to him, advising him.

Picture:http://www.theoi.com/image/T8.1Themis.jpg

Chapter 28 SA

1. Let reason lead, not luck.
2. Let arms yield to the toga.
3. Leave the city so that I might not be suppressed by fear and weapons.
4. One thin must be done immediately in order to have the greatest peace and solace.
5. Let us take the opportunity from the day, my friends.

Why did Talos Patrol the Island?

Talos was a giant, living bronze automaton. He was forged by Hephaestus, and Zeus presented him to his lover Europa to protect her. Zeus then sent Europa to the island to Crete, where Talos patrolled the shores for pirates, etc. 3 times a day. If anyone tried landing, he would pelt them with rocks or put them in a a fiery death embrace. Talos was eventually killed with magic from Medea.

Picture: http://goremasterfx.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/talos.jpg

The Temple of Heliogabulus-Where

The Temple of Heliogabulus was dedicated to the Syrian sun god Heliogabulus. It was built near the imperial palace on the Palatine. It was built by the emperor Elagabulus. Elagabulus moved sacred objects from Roman temples to here. After Elagabulus' assassination, Alexander Severus rededicated the temple to Jupiter Ultor (Jupiter "the Avenger")

Picture: http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/sun.jpg

First Samnite War (343-341 BC)-When

This war was fought between the Roman Republic and Samnium. The First Samnite War was short, and was marked by Roman victories. This ended after 2 years with the Romans winning over the Samnites. The war with these hill people was ended in a hasty peace, as the Romans were also dealing with other tribes trying to fight Rome.

Picture: http://www.heritage-history.com/books/church/rome/front2.gif

Manticore-What

The Manticore was a man-eating Persian monster. It had the body of a lion, the face of a man, and a spike-tipped arrow-shooting tail. "Manticore" was derived from the Persian for "man eater".

Picture: http://www.theoi.com/image/pictures-manticore.jpg

Psyche-Who

Psyche was the goddess of the soul. She was the wife of Eros, the god of love. Psyche was once a mortal princess. Her astounding beauty caught the attention of Aphrodite, who wished that she would fall in love with the most hideous of men. However, Eros fell in love with her and took her to his secret place. Psyche was not to look Eros in the face, but she did. He then abandoned her. She searched all over till she found Aphrodite, who made her so many tasks. In the end, Eros and Psyche were reunited and wed in a ceremony attended by the gods.

Picture: http://shalottianshards.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/gerard_francoispascalsimon-cupid_psyche_end.jpg

Why Pasiphae Married a Bull

Pasiphae was the immortal daughter of the sun god Helios. Pasiphae wed King Minos of Crete. As punishment for an offense to the gods from either Pasiphae or Minos, Pasiphae was cursed with the desire for Minos' finest bull. The Queen had Daidalos make a mechanical bull, endowed with mechanical life. Pasiphae conceived and bore a hybrid child, which came to be known as the Minotaur.

Picture: http://www.explorecrete.com/history/images/pasiphae-minos.jpg

"Q" Quiz

1. qua-where
2. quam-how
3. quando-when
4. quare-therefore
5. quid-who
6. quidem-certainly
7. quin-indeed
8. quin etiam-in fact
9. quo-where
10. quomodo-how
11. quondam-certain
12. quoque-also
13. veritas-truth
14. superbus-arrogant
15. lux-light
16. credere-I believe
17. nescere-to sin
18. sperare-to hope
19. expellere-to expel
20. MMIX

House of Vesta-Where

This structure is at the foot of the Palatine. It is well-preserved. The House of Vesta is adjacent to the Temple of Vesta. It also includes the living quarters of the Vestal Virgins. Most of the building dates to the time of Trajan.

Picture: http://www.mythinglinks.org/Vesta.JPG

An Uncle's Love for his Nephew and Adopted Son

This young man is more precious than I myself am. Also, this man is not from me, but is from my brother. The enthusiasms of my brother are soon still further unlike mine. I have urged my life in the city and I have aimed at peace, that which some consider fortunate, I have never had a wife. But he has done these: he led a life not in the forum, but the fields, he received little money, married a chaste wife, and had two sons. From him I adopted the older one for me myself. I reared him from a small boy, I have loved him as my own. In that young man is my enjoyment; it alone is dear to me

Chapter 27-S.A.

1. He draws my new strength: I see better and I approve, but I make so much worse and I do not know why.
2. Certain songs are good; many are bad.
3. He is the best. Nothing is better, I have seen nothing more beautiful than this.
4. I hope you and this man's birthday and most others are about to drive with happiness.
5. Since planning and reckoning are in old age, our ancestors called the senate our highest council.
6. More effort and zeal should be put in domestic matters by us even in military matters.
7. Neither was the danger graver in the republic, nor the laziness greater.
8. We are wiser than those men, because we know nature is the best leader.
9. Nature asks very little, but a wise man accommodates himself to nature.
10. The greatest remedy for anger is delay.
11. Which spirits he conquers and anger he contains I do not compare, but I say he is like a god.
12. Dionysus, a tyrant of a most beautiful city, was a man of great temperance in his ways of life, and in all things was diligent and sharp. He too was fierce and unjust. Out of this affair, if we speak the truth, he seemed very wretched.
13. If I cannot turn the gods, I shall disturb Acheron.

Pandora-Who

Pandora was the first woman, who was formed out of the clay by gods. Prometheus was assigned the task of creating man, but was displeased and stole fire from heaven. Zeus commanded Hephaestus and the other gods to makes her beautiful and cunning. Pandora was then delivered to Epimetheus, Prometheus' foolish brother, and they were married. As a wedding gift, Zeus gave them a box, or pithos (storage jar). They opened the jar, unleashing a swarm of evils spirits on the world. Only hope (elpis)was left in the box. Pandora's daughter Pyrrha was the first-born mortal child.

Picture: http://abooali.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/pandora.jpg

Top Tens!-Annotated Lists

Ancient Celt/Gaul Culture

1. Grant, Neil. Everyday Life of the Celts Uncovering History. Black Rabbit Books, 2004. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=YCV41ImfLvMC&dq=Celt+Armor&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

This is an incredibly useful source, with much information and colorful pictures on the Celts. It describes the everyday life of the Celts.

*****

2. Mallory, J. P., and Douglas Q. Adams. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis, 1997. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&dq=Ancient+Celtic+Culture&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

This is a website with background on the Indo-European Culture, which formed into what became the Celts. Some of this background is needed to understand the growth of Gaul and the Celts over the years.

****

3. Holcomb, Melanie. "Barbarians and Romans". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/barb/hd_barb.htm (October 2002)

This Met Museum site talks about the relationship between Rome and the Germanic tribes, including the Celts. This gives background for the diplomatic relations between the tribes and Rome.

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4. "The Celtic Influence." BBC. BBC, 23 May 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/irish/articles/view/720/english/>.

This BBC source describes who the Celts are and how they influence others. It goes specifically into the Celt and Romans.

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5. Green, Miranda J. The Celtic World. Routledge, 1996. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DeV3EZKzcqUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq=Celt+War&ots=28PIepWakP&sig=aJLRfMMSTkF9QPQGdUPhV4gLRJQ#v=onepage&q=Celt%20War&f=false>.

This Google Book has details on the Celtic Culture. It also talks about art of the time and its relation to the Celtic Culture.

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6. Smith, A. G. Life in Celtic Times. Courier Dover Publications, 1997. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=GHwtqUcfy-UC&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=Ancient+Celt+Armor&ots=fq6iVWQKsn&sig=C3sWcYhSFMVfvUIl-L8Cs_oBFBI#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

This source details the life in Celtic times. It includes illustrations, as a picture is worth 1000 words.

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7. Mountain, Harry. The Celtic Encyclopedia. Universal-Publishers, 1998. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LTbc1GIAwcIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Celt+Armor&ots=_tZ-RH4rPZ&sig=zfvvRS5HbprtbVgI8Q6b2I9aTGs#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

This is the Celtic Encyclopedia. It includes a very helpful timeline on the Celts.

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8. Duffy, Kevin. Who were the Celts? Barnes and Noble, 19990760716080, 9780760716083. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_f3YvBLtPTAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Celt+Armor&ots=QKJYTK1qLV&sig=yCOmroUovJF63jqBShjxbDVIhyk#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

This site answers the question "Who are the Celts?" It includes historic encounters between Rome and the Celts.

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9. Markale, Jean. Women of the Celts. Inner Traditions/Bear & Company, 1986. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4UVc6up1HJUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=Celt+Legends&ots=lPDAhd1MMu&sig=J64o9CL7Cwf52NIeFlIZf_ytH7Y#v=onepage&q=Celt%20Legends&f=falseG>.

This Google Book has to do with Celtic Culture. More, specifically, it speak about the women of the Celts.

***

10. Harvey, David. Celtic geographies: old culture, new times. Routledge, 2002. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=uKwLgFCX5RAC&dq=Celtic+Culture&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

Describes old ways as well as new, changed ways. This Google Book also explores Celtic geography.

****

Celt and Gaul Weapons and Warfare

1. "Terret (Rein Guide) [Celtic; Britain] (1988.79)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/05/euw/ho_1988.79.htm (October 2006)

The Celts used chariots in warfare. This was legendary, and this piece of art helps to recreate the history.

*****

2. Caesar, Julius, and Arthur T. Walker. Caesar's Gallic War: Books I-IV. Scott, Foresman and company, 1907. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=A7pEAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

This Google Book is on the Gallic Wars. It includes pictures to further tell the story.

****

3. "Western and Central Europe, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/euw/ht04euw.htm (October 2000)

This is a timeline of Western and Central Europe and the Celtic Cultures. Is also puts a date on the confrontation with Rome.

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4. Chasseriau, Theodore. Scene from the Gallic Wars: The Gaul Littavicus, Betraying the Roman Cause, Flees to Gergovie to Support Vercingétorix. 1838-1840. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Paris. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/collection_database/european_paintings/scene_from_the_gallic_wars_the_gaul_littavicus_betraying_theodore_chasseriau/objectview.aspx?OID=110003239&collID=11&dd1=11>.

This is a Met Museum scene of the Gallic Wars. It is an oil on canvas painting.

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5. "History of the Celts." BBC. BBC, 23 Nov. 1999. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A207479>.

This is a timeline of the Celtic Culture, and follows it over a span of 2500 years! This details the violence between the Romans and Celts.

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6. Jimenez, Ramon L. Caesar against the Celts. Da Capo, 1996. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=c9eujq4oiLIC&dq=Celt+Armor&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

This source talks of Caesar's attitude against the Celts. It goes into the details of the Gallic Wars.

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7. Caesar, Julius, and Arthur T. Walker. Caesar's Gallic War: Books I-IV. Scott, Foresman and company, 1907. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=A7pEAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s>.

This is a link on Caesar's Gallic Wars, books 1-4. It includes a preface on Caesar.

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8. Versteeg, Russ. Law and Justice in Caesar's Gallic Wars. HeinOnline. 2005. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/hoflr33&div=22&id=&page=>.

This source speaks on the laws and justice of Caesar's Gallic Wars. It includes helpful background information.

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9. Duffy, Kevin. Who Were Those Celts?: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Celts. Heritage Books19, 1996. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WzEM8TjDa6UC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Celt+Armor&ots=Wo1eAK1zx8&sig=_XDIAzAo5MuG8MX3buyGE1hFzcs#v=onepage&q=War&f=false>.

This Google Book source talks of the Celts and their relations to other Cultures. It goes into some detail on the wars of the Celts.

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10. Ellis, Peter B. The ancient world of the Celts. Barnes and Noble, 1999. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=L9gMHcZCi1IC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=Celt+weapons&ots=yPv1eW8IC2&sig=ucsqwjIqmg9aixuyI-96MR0CjWw#v=onepage&q=Celt%20weapons&f=false>.

This link goes a little into the Celtic culture in relation to war. It also includes some pictures.

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Celt and Gaul Mythology

1. Squire, Charles. Celtic Myth and Legend. Courier Dover Publications, 2003. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6-g5zu5oBg4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Ancient+Celtic+Mythology&ots=e9oVXD41Yi&sig=HRFiC3h_C4cWt6BYnUyO6jlCW7U#v=onepage&q=Ancient%20Celtic%20Mythology&f=false>.

This is a Google Book on Celtic Mythology and Legend. Mythology is an important aspect to understanding culture.

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2. Squire, Charles. Celtic Myth and Legend Poetry and Romance. Kessinger, 2006. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jeJJiKop6REC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Ancient+Celtic+Mythology&ots=atoWDca2Ni&sig=TpTzozWN0kdnIKS7kFFdE4RvzcM#v=onepage&q=Ancient%20Celtic%20Mythology&f=falseGoogle>.

This Google Book deals more directly with Celtic mythology in the British Islands. This is a little more specific, but shows how Celtic Culture has influenced the British Islands.

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3. RollestonN, T. W. Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race. Cosimo, Inc., 2009. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=IutjLHJzHCAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA17&dq=Celt+Legends&ots=BIs1pSZJbo&sig=hn_3elkTDmAjKKSbQ_UQFyzdF0A#v=onepage&q=Celt%20Legends&f=false>.

This Google Book is on Myths and Legends of the Celts. It also speaks a little on the Celts in ancient history.

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4. MacCulloch, John A., Jan Machal, and Louis H. Gray. Celtic mythology. Marshall Jones Company, 1918. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-pYYAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Celtic+Legends&ots=ae7visZvGQ&sig=SWkZcIVsDty74FgSKV2m82vhDlc#v=onepage&q=Celtic%20Legends&f=false>.

This is another Google book on the Celtic Myths. This one, though, has illustrations to help fully describe the Celtic Culture.

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5. Ellis, Peter B. Celtic myths and legends. Carroll & Graf, 2002. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rsPNup_a2owC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Celtic+Legends&ots=lOvvNbygZH&sig=wYuXa73GnFfhifyLPBDJaNnCK2c#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

This is a Google Book document on Celtic myths and legends. It includes an introduction with information on the Indo-European Culture.

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6. Green, Miranda J. Animals in Celtic life and myth. Routledge, 1998. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hLOXNZoBhsQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Celtic+Mythology&ots=zxzacjJGBz&sig=u0TQPIPMOo8c6INApYQGVPlwbE0#v=onepage&q=Celtic%20Mythology&f=false>.

This source is a Google Book on Celtic Myth. More specifically, it is on animals in Celtic life and myth.

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7. Macbain, Alexander. Celtic Mythology and Religion. Kessinger, 2003. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DbwJmL1I4h4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Celtic+Mythology&ots=suMfPTJurO&sig=dpbQKEwTXo5FytU6qrnMQwomNnE#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

This source is on Celtic Mythology. More specifically, it's on mythology in relation to religion.

****

8. Monaghan, Patricia. The Red-Haired Girl from the Bog: The Landscape of Celtic Myth and Spirit. New World Library, 2004. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3jz2yYtGXnAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA167&dq=Celtic+Mythology&ots=FvPXg2t4zE&sig=3B3TvenTsiaPTIIf9H0rQD9bHbs#v=onepage&q=Celtic%20Mythology&f=false>.

This Google Book source talks about the landscape of Celtic Myth. It detail the red haired girl form the bog.

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9. Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Celt+Culture&lr=#v=onepage&q=Celt%20mythology&f=false>.

This Google Book is an Encyclopedia. It goes into some detail on Celtic Mythology.

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10. Rolleston, T. W. Celtic Myths and Legends. Courier Dover Publications, 1990. Google Books. Google, 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4CUS2j5fw-QC&oi=fnd&pg=PA94&dq=Celt+Legends&ots=rA1R36LKP2&sig=z2gUQDFAWF-sfJEOGCyA2hcA8CY#v=onepage&q=Celt%20Legends&f=false22>.

This is another Google Book on Celtic Myths and Legends. It also details the Irish invasion myths.

***

Temple of Sol and Luna-Where

This was the ancient temple of the Sun and Moon, and was built on the south side of the seating of the Circus Maximus. A statue of the Sun, most likely driving a chariot, topped this structure. Edgyptian obelisks were later added by Augustus and Constantius II to give honor to the Sun. For Romans, obelisks symbolized sunbeams. August 24th was the temple's festival day.

Picture: http://www.romereborn.virginia.edu/ge/TS-056.html