Battle of Cannae

In the summer of 216 BC was the great Battle of Cannae. This was Hannibal's finest hour, when he taught Rome a painful lesson. After having crossed the Alps in the winter with his elephants, Hannibal wreaked havoc in Rome and finally made his way to Cannae. Rome was preparing for the battle by sending 30,000 more soldiers than Hannibal's army. They planned to crush the enemy by force. The war was waged, with both sides trying to outmaneuver the other, until Rome's fatal mistake. They marched straight into the crescent of enemy, and then were closed in from all sides. The Romans lost many a soldier that day.

Picture: http://www.hannibalthewarrior.com/images/cannae_map.gif

Chapter 24-S.A.-Periphrastic Sentences #s 4, 5, 8

4. Whatever must be said, I will say freely.
5. You must heal these vulnerable men after the war.
8. All life and council and deeds must be directed to out benefit.

Chapter 24-S.A. #s 2, 6, 7

2. Asia having been conquered, the happy Roman leaders sent many servant into Italy.
6. Neither civil war nor spear soldiers nor violent death will frighten me, Augustus is being supported by his land.
7. Banishing Tarquinius, the Roman population is not able to hear the king's name.

Tiberius-Who

Tiberius reigned from AD 14 to AD 37, and his reign was important to the Principate. Tiberius Claudius Nero was born on November 16th, 42 BC. He was the second Roman emperor after Augustus died. Tiberius was dark and reclusive, and did not want to be emperor. Though he was a great general, he did not lead Rome in any conquests during his reign. While not an emperor, Tiberius lead armies in Germany. Tiberius retired to Rhodes as Augustus was choosing his heir, as he did not wish to be emperor. In AD 26, Tiberius had enough of Rome and left, never to return. Tiberius died at age 78, and his successor was Caligula.

Picture: http://thepaolas.com/Emperors/Emperors/Tiberius.jpg

Laocoon Speaks Out Against the Trojan Horse

Oppressed by a long war and turned away gods, the Greek leaders, soon after 10 years, are making a great wooden horse by the art of Minerva. They fill up the belly with many soldiers, they leave the horse on the shore, and sail to the other side of a nearby island. The Trojans do not see troops or ships; Troy rejoices; the gates are opened. But Trojans are unsure of the horse. Some want it led into the city; others say it’s a Greek ambush. First before everyone, running from the citadel, Laocoon, a sacred Trojan, said the words, "Oh wretched citizens, you are not sane! What are you thinking? You don't understand the Greeks and their plot. Either you will find harsh soldiers in that horse, or the machine is a horse of war, created against us, about to come into the city, about to see our people and houses. Or something lies hidden. Do not trust the horse, Trojans: whatever it is, I fear Greeks, especially carrying gifts. He spoke, and threw a great powerful spear with strength of his left hand in the horse's belly; it stood, shaking.

Verbs:

1. Faciunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "facere" meaning "to make"
2. Complent-3rd person plural present active indicative of "complere" meaning "to fill"
3. Relinquunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "relinquere" meaning "to leave behind"
4. Navigant-3rd person plural present active indicative of "navigare" meaning "to navigate"
5. Vident-3rd person plural present active indicative of "videre" meaning "to see"
6. Gaudet-3rd person singular present active indicative of "gaudere" meaning "to be glad"
7. Panduntur-3rd person plural present passive indicative of "pandere" which means "to be spread out"
8. Sunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
9. Cupiunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "cupere" meaning "to wish"
10. Appellant-3rd person plural present active indicative of "appellare" meaning "to call"
11. Dicit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
12. Estis-2nd person plural present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
13. Cogitatis-2nd person plural present active indicative of "cogitare" meaning "to think"
14. Intellegitis-2nd person plural present active indicative of "intellegere" meaning "to understand"
15. Invenietis-2nd person plural present active indicative of "invenire" meaning "to come upon"
16. Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
17. Latet-3rd person singular present active indicative of "latere" meaning "to lurk"
18. Credite-2nd person plural present active imperative of "credere" meaning "to trust"
19. Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
20. Timeo-1st person singular present active indicative of "timere" meaning "to fear"
21. Dixit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to say"
22. Iecit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "iecere" meaning "to throw"
23. Stetit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "stare" meaning "to stand"

Nouns and Adjectives:

1. Bello-2nd
2. Longo-1st
3. Deis-1st
4. Duces-3rd
5. Decem-2nd
6. Annos-2nd
7. Equum-2nd
8. Ligneum-1st
9. Arte-3rd
10. Minervae-1st
11. Multis-1st
12. Militibus-1st
13. Equum-2nd
14. Litore-3rd
15. Insulam-1st
16. Troiani-1st
17. Copias-1st
18. Naves-3rd
19. Troia-1st
20. Portae-1st
21. Eqou-2nd
22. Troiani-1st
23. Incerti-1st
24. Urbem-3rd
25. Graecas-1st
26. Insidias-1st
27. Arce-3rd
28. Laocoon-1st
29. Trojianus-1st
30. Verba-2nd
31. Cives-3rd
32. Graecos-1st
33. Insidias-1st
34. Eqou-2nd
35. Milites-3rd
36. Equus-2nd
37. Machina-1st
38. Belli-2nd
39. Facta-2nd
40. Urbem-3rd
41. Casas-3rd
42. Populum-2nd
43. Eqou-2nd
44. Troiani-1st
45. Danaos-1st
46. Dona-2nd
47. Potentem-3rd
48. Magnis-1st
49. Viribus-3rd
50. Manus-4th
51. Sinistrae-1st
52. Equi-2nd

Appian Way 312 BC-When

The Appian Way was the first ancient Roman road. It was also the most famous road, and it ran from Rome to Campania. This road was begun in 312 BC, by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus. At first, the road only ran 132 miles from Rome to Capua. By 244 BC, it had been extended another 230 miles to Brundisium. Most of the road was straight till it reached Tarracine. the road was convex, to facilitate drainage. The road's foundation was heavy stone blocks lined with mortar. Parts of the Appian Way still exist today.


Pictures: http://nuke.ciociariatour.com/Portals/0/Cassino-Antica-Via-Latina_jpg.jpg
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/apian-way0.gif

Christianity Becomes the Official Religion of the Roman Empire

In 306 AD, Constantine rose to emperor after the death of his father Constantius. Maxentius (his brother-in-law) and he were bitter rivals as co-emperors of the west. Before the battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, Constantine had a vision of Christ, telling him to put his symbol on their battle standards. Constantine obliged, and was victorious over Maxentius. Constantine took on to support of Christianity, even though he still believed in his pagan sun god. Constantine felt he owed his victory to the God of the Christians, and pushed forward for an imperial policy to advance its cause. Some people argued that Constantine only converted for political reasons, but this may not be true, even though Constantine only got baptized right before death. Tax exemptions were given to Christians, and money from the imperial treasury was granted to rebuild churches. After Constantine died, his three sons had different religious views, and created political instability. Nevertheless, Christianity came to dominate the western world.

Picture: http://media.expedia.com/tshops/media/rome/christian_rome.jpg

Laocoon Gets Eaten by the Serpent

Chapter 23-S.A. 1-8

1. You will be suppressed by my guard.
2. And so then, those men, stretching out their hands, gave a salute.
3. Tantalus, being thirsty, kept desiring to touch the river fleeing his mouth.
4. The signs of things about to be are shown to the world by the gods.
5. Captured Greece has conquered its harsh conqueror.
6. Atticus gave much money to Cicero, who was fleeing out of the fatherland.
7. If you will entrust him to me to be raised, I shall begin to form his studies from infancy.
8. Often use the eraser, for the good little book

Participles

~~~	Active	Passive
Pres	Agens, agentis-leading	---
Perf	---	Acutus, -a, -um-about to be led
Fut	Acturus, -a, -um-about to lead	Agendus, -a, -um-about to be led

On Ambition and Literature, Both Latin and Greek (From Cicero's Pro Archia)

Causes of the Punic Wars-Why

First Punic War
Carthage had control of much of Sicily in the 260's, which mattered little to Rome. Thus, when a quarrel arose in 264 in Messana, some sided with teh Carthaginians, and some sided with the Romans. Many thought this was a local problem, and it was, until it blew up into something big. When a Carthaginian fleet was invited into Messana, Rome felt like it had to respond in some way. Therefore, an expeditionary force was sent to expel the Punic fleet. Carthage then responded by sending out a larger force, and Rome responded in the same way. Rome quickly won many victories, but as the war went on, it was clear that to win the war, Rome would have to win control of the sea. This war lasted 20 years.

Second Punic War
A peace treaty put Carthage in an impossible position. Not long after the First Punic War, a geniune war hero arose, Hamilcar Barca, who won much of Spain. It became apparent, though, that he wouldn't be able to get revenge on the Romans, so he taught his son everything he knew, including a hatred of the Romans. Hannibal quickly established himself as an even greater leader than his father, and he marched on Rome at the age of twenty-five.

Third Punic War
The Third Punic War was a brief and unnecessary war. The Carthaginians had lost an empire, but had lost their debt with it, and were left free to pursue their own goals. The Romans tried to use much of the agricultural land they gained, but never would they be as good as the Carthaginians at it. This angered the Romans, which caused Cato the Elder to agitate against Carthage. Some feared Carthage was dangerous, and many were angry that the Carthaginians were prospering while they were not. Cato was sure that the only defense against Carthage rising again was to completely destroy it.
African tribes learned that the Carthaginians would not cross the border into Roman territory, therefore they would steal from them and return to Roman soil. This angered the Carthaginians who eventually crossed the border to attack the African tribes.
The Romans saw this as an excuse, and declared that this was violation of the treaty. War was declared.

Picture: http://www.choiceonesupport.org/Punic%20War.gif

The Burning of Rome-What

It was July 18th, 64 A.D. In the night a fire broke out in the merchant area of the city of Rome. The summer winds fanned the fire, and allowed it to spread quickly to the dry, wooden structures of the Imperial City. For six days and seven nights the conflagration scarred Rome. Seventy percent of the city was left in smoldering ruin. Rumors arose of Nero ordering the torching of Rome, and these accused him of standing on the Palatine Hill and watching, playing his lyre, as Rome burned. These have never been proven true, but Nero did look for scapegoat, and found one in the Christians in the city, who he had fed to the lions.
From these ruins of Rome rose a more spectacular Rome, with marble, stone, wide streets, pedestrian arcades, and ample water supply for any future fires. Also, much of the debri was used to fill in marshes around Rome that had plagued the city with malaria for generations.

Picture: http://www.30giorni.it/foto/1098263943630.jpg

Word Relations-Notes

Latin affects English and the Romance Languages

• Casa-house, also means house in Spanish
• Tt=ss
• You all-midatlantic
• y'all-south
• Yins-Pittsburg

• v=b
• Asper-Asp-snake
• (Con)tinere-con means together
• Tineo means to hold

• B in Indo European language is the most likely letter to change
• Semantic range-all the possible meanings of a word

Subura-Where

The Subura was a district in a valley central Rome. It was a low-lying area between the Viminal and Esquiline hills. It was a busy, crowded, noisy, dirty area. The Subura housed trades in manufacturing, crime, prostitution, merchants, writers, and politicians. This was a motley group of people. Many families that lived in the Subura were poor, lower-class families. In the Subura, Juvenal states that there are "the thousand dangers of a savage city" (Sat. 3. 8-9). The Subura has been called, dirty and wet, a resort of harlots, of dealers in provisions and delicacies, and finery of tradesmen of various sorts. There were also some dwellings of more distinguished persons, including Caesar.

Pictures: Google Earth
http://www.collegium-metamense.de/latein/felix/subura.jpg

Hopping Through Rome-Every 50 years-When

510 BC-Tarquin Superbus, Rome's last king, is overthrown in rebellion
450 BC-Romans colonize Italy; Law of Twelve Tables is published
300 BC-Rome and Carthage sign a treaty
264-241 BC-First Punic War; Rome annexes Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily; Aurelian Way completed
200-196 BC-Second Macedonian War
150-146 BC-Third Punic War; Carthage destroyed
103-102 BC-Second Sicilian Slave Rebellion
51 BC-Gaul becomes a Roman province
6 AD-Judea becomes a Roman province
54 AD-Nero becomes emperor
80 AD-Fires ravage Rome again; Baths of Titus and Coloseum are completed
161-180 AD-Rule of Marcus Aurelius
250 AD-Decius introduces "Emperor Worship" and persecutes Christians
306 AD-Constantine declared ruler of the Eastern Empire
351 AD-Constantius reunites the Empire
395 AD-The Empire is permanently divided
452 AD-Attila invades northern Italy

Picture:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Map_of_the_Ancient_Rome_at_Caesar_time_%28with_conquests%29-fr.svg/800px-Map_of_the_Ancient_Rome_at_Caesar_time_%28with_conquests%29-fr.svg.png

Who's Who-Roman vs. Greek Gods-Who

Roman---Greek

Bacchus---Dionysus
Ceres---Demeter
Cupid---Eros
Diana---Artemis
Dis Pater, Pluto, Orcus---Hades
Discordia---Eris
Hercules---Heracles
Juno---Hera
Jupiter---Zeus
Mars---Ares
Mercury---Hermes
Minerva---Athena
Neptune---Poseidon
Saturn---Cronus (though technically not a god, but a titan)
Ulysses---Odysseus
Venus---Aphrodite
Vulcan---Hephaestus

Picture: http://churchofcriticalthinking.org/images/godz.jpg

Virgil's Messianic Eclogue

Now, a great new age is coming; A boy will be sent down from heaven, who will have the life of the gods he will see the gods, and he will seem like him to those men. This boy will rule the world in which the virtuous men of this land will get peace. A few evil men, however, will remain, which men will order under the yoke and would wage harsh war . There also there will be another war, and also the Great Achilles being sent to the Troy. Then, the boy will have been for a long time where you men, there will be no work, no war, and the sailor come in from the sea, and the farmers as well will leave behind their farms, and the earth will prepare itself for all people everywhere. Rush, time; begin little boy, know your mother, and enough spirit inside me to say your deeds.

Virgil's Messianic Eclogue and Chapter 21 Sententise Antiquae

Virgil's Messianic Eclogue

1. Venit-3rd person singular future active indicative of "venire" meaning "to come"
2. Mittitur-3rd person singular present passive indicative of "mittere" meaning "to send"
3. Habebit- 3rd person singular future active indicative of "habere" meaning "to hold"
4. Videbit- 3rd person singular future active indicative of "videre" meaning "to see"
5. Videbitur- 3rd person singular future passive indicative of "videre" meaning "to seem"
6. Dederunt- 3rd person plural perfect active indicative of "dare" meaning "to give"
7. Remanebunt- 3rd person plural future active indicative of "remanere" meaning "to remain"
8. Iubebunt- 3rd person plural future active indicative of "iubere" meaning "to bid"
9. Laborare-infinitive meaning "to labor"
10. Gerere- infinitive meaning "to carry"
11. Erunt-3rd person plural future active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
12. Mittetur- 3rd person singular present passive indicative of "mittere" meaning "to send"
13. Fecerit- 3rd person singular future perfect indicative of "facere" meaning "to make"
14. Labores- 2nd person singular present active indicative of "laborare" meaning "to labor"
15. Discedent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of "discedere" meaning "to go away"
16. Relinquent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of "relinquere" meaning "to leave behind"
17. Parabit- 3rd person singular future active indicative of "parare" meaning "to prepare"
18. Currite- 2nd person present imperative indicative of "currere" meaning "to run"
19. Incipe- 1st person present imperative indicative of "incipiere" meaning "to begin"
20. Erit- 3rd person singular future active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
21. Dicere- infinitive meaning "to say"

Chapter 21 Sententiae Antiquae

1. Vincitur- 3rd person singular present passive indicative of "vincere" meaning "to conquer"
2. Est- 3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
3. Potest-3rd person singular present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able"
4. Iubebunt-3rd person plural future active indicative of "iubere" meaning "to bid"
5. Teritur- 3rd person singular present passive indicative of "terere" meaning "to wear out"
6. Deletur- 3rd person singular present passive indicative of "delere" meaning "to erase"
7. Excluditur- 3rd person singular present passive indicative of "excludere" meaning "to shut out"
8. Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
9. Continet- 3rd person present active indicative of "continere" meaning "to contain"
10. Possunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able"
11. Est- 3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
12. Sunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
13. Sunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
14. Laudatur- 3rd person singular present passive indicative of "laudare" meaning "to praise"
15. Inscribitur- 3rd person singular present passive indicative of "inscribere" meaning "to entitle"
16. Decipi-1st person singular perfect active indicative of "decipiere" meaning "to deceive"
17. Inveniuntur- 3rd person plural present passive indicative of "invenire" meaning "to find"
18. Laborat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "laborare" meaning "to labor"
19. Exstinguitur- 3rd person singular present passive indicative of "exstinguere" meaning "to extinguish"

Catilinarian Conspirators-Why

In Etruria, a man named C Manlius was gathering weapons to form a revolt. Cicero believed Catiline was behind it. Cicero managed to convince the Senate of the danger, and the senate gave him full authority over the matter. Catiline and his supporters had a meeting, and afterward, both Catiline and Cicero debated at the senate. In the end, Catiline volunteered to go into exile. On his way, Catiline joined C. Manlius and his mob. The Romans conspirators wanted the Gauls to help, but they didn't want anything to do with it. Word of this got to Rome, and the senate wanted the conspirators killed. Caesar, who was praetor at the time, argued against death as a penalty, but in teh end he was overruled, and the conspirators were strangled. In 62 BC, M. Petreius destroyed the revolt, and killed Catiline in the progress, and the conspiracy ended.
Cicero was hailed as "father of his country" for saving Rome from another rebellion, but later this would turn against him.

Picture: http://www.eonimages.com/watermark.php?i=336