Romulus and Remus Found Rome-What

Why Rome Fell-Why Post

The most agreed upon date for the Fall of the Rome is 476, when the Germanic general Odavacar overthrew the last remaining Roman Emperor. Some say that the split of the eastern and western part of the Roman Empire ruled by different emperors caused Rome to collapse. Some argued that the collapse started when inflation hit the Romans severely after Marcus Aurelius' reign. Regardless, many factors led to the Fall of Rome.
Many factors weakened Rome for its fall. These included: Christianity, lead, monetary trouble, decadence, and military troubles. Problems within Rome and pressures from outside of Rome helped facilitate its fall.
Imperial incompetence was a major factor. Since there was no clear-cut method for choosing emperor's this left a lot to interpretation. The emperor, the senate, and the Praetorian Guard had a large say. Over 100 years, there were 37 emperors, many killing the last to take his spot, and some selling the position. Therefore, no strong consistent leaders helped unify Rome.
Diseases killed many of the poor who lived in unsanitized squalor. Lead pipes used for water also killed many of the rich.
All of these reasons contributed to the fall of the greatest empire man has ever seen.

Campus Martius Where

Campus Martius means "Field of Mars" in Latin and was a publicly owned area of Rome. It was about 2 square kilometers wide. According to legend, the Campus Martius was owned by the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus. It was a field of wheat, and was burned during the revolution which established the Roman Republic. In the first centuries after Rome's founding, the Campus Martius was outside of the Servian Wall, so it was used as a pasture and a training place for Rome's military. This is why the name is dedicated to Mars. Later, the field was used to celebrate military triumph. In 221 BC, the Circus Flaminius was built in the Campus Martius. Starting in the time of Sulla, lots from the Campus Martius were sold or granted to influential Romans. During the Augustan Period, the area officially became part of the city. The Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) was also built to represent the stabilizing of the empire under Augustus. Marcus Agrippa had the swampy part of the grounds made into the Baths of Agrippa. He also built the Porticus Argonautarum, the Pantheon, and the Aqua Virgo. More buildings were made including the Mausoleum of Augustus, the Theater of Marcellus, the temple for Isis, and the baths and bridges built by Nero. Domitianus eventually built a stadium and an Odeion. The area was then filled with temples, buildings, obelisks, etc. Oddly enough, there is no monument dedicated solely to Mars in the later Roman period. The Aurelian Walls were built around 270, which enclosed the Campus Martius.

Survey of Latin Literature

~Latin literature is one of the enduring legacies of the culture of Ancient Rome. Here is a time-line of it.~
1. The Early Period (down to ca. 80 BC)-At the beginning of the Early Period, Rome had little to offer in literature. In the 3rd century BC, however, when Rome came in contact with Greek literature, the Romans were fascinated, and started learning Greek literature. All kinds of Greek literary devices were adopted by the Romans. Rome now composed epics, tragedies, satires, and speeches. The comedies of Plautus and Terence were especially accomplished for the time.
2. The Golden Age (80 BC-14 AD)-During the century before Christ, Rome tried to perfect it's literary media. This made Latin literature one of the world's greatest. Latin literature of the time had a beautiful, disciplined form, which is known as classic.
A. Ciceronian Period (80-43 BC)-These works were produced during the last years of the Roman Republic. Important writers of the time included Lucretius, Catullus, Cicero, Caesar, Nepos, and Publilius Syrus.
B. Augustan Period (43 BC-14 AD)-The first Roman Empire's name was given to this period in Latin literature. Augustus sought to enlist literature in the service of the state. Important writers of the time include Virgil, Horace, Livy, Propertius, and Ovid.
3. The Silver Age (14-ca. 138 AD)-In this age there was excellent writing, but often there are conceits in these writings. This indicates a less sure literary sense and power. The temperaments of a few emperors also limited literature in this age. Important writers of the time include Seneca, Petronius, Quintilian, Martial, Pliny, Tacits, and Juvenal.
A. The Archaising Period (mid to late 2nd century)-Taste developed for the vocab and style of early Latin and for the diction of vulgar Latin. Important authors were Fronto and Aulus Gellius.
4. The Patristic Period (late 2nd-5th cens. of our era)-Most of the vital literature of this time was the work of Christian leaders. This included Tertullian, Cyprian, Lactantius, Jerome, Ambrose, and Augustine. These men were educated ad fond of classical authors. Much concern was that the language of the Church should reach the people. Consequently, vulgar Latin re-emerged. When St. Jerome wrote the Vulgate he made sure to translate the Bible into the language of the people.
5. The Medieval Period (6th-14th cens. of our era)-Vulgar Latin now underwent rapid changes, and became known as different Romance languages. Latin still remained the language of the Church and the intellectual world. It was also an international language. Important authors included Isidore of Seville and Dante.

Marcus Tullius Cicero-What

Cicero was an orator, or a public speaker. In Latin, orator means "speaker". Cicero practiced Ars Oratoria, "the art of speaking in public". This was a professional competence cultivated by lawyers and politicians.
Fifty-seven of Cicero's speeches have survived, although he delivered at least fifty more. Cicero wrote "Pro Cluentio", "Pro Archia", "Catilinarians", and the fourteen "Philippics". Cicero also wrote many letters. These were very informal, and told a great deal about who Cicero was as a person. These letters demonstrate the virtues in Cicero of loyalty, honesty, humanity, etc.

Marcus Tullius Cicero-Who

Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on January 3, 106 B.C. at Arpinum near Rome. He was the eldest so of a wealthy landowner of the same name. Cicero was taken to Rome, to receive the best of education. Cicero did military service under the Social War of Sulla. In 76 B.C., Cicero married Terentia, who was wealthy and part of the ruling class. In 75 B.C. he held the title of quaestor, which gained him membership in the Senate. In 69 B.C., Cicero became aedile and praetor. In 66 B.C., he made his first major political speech. Cicero reached the highest possible office at the earliest possible age.
Cicero watched Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. Cicero was exiled for speaking down of Caesar's methods of consulship. Cicero tried to separate Pompey from his partners, but after he was told not to, for the next 4 years Cicero was largely out of politics. After Pompey's death, Cicero took no part in politics. In the winter of 47-46 B.C., Cicero divorced Terentia, and soon after his daughter Tullia died.
The Second Triumvirate was formed with Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian, who soon after put Cicero up for death. Cicero died in 43 B.C.

Why was Caesar Killed

Caesar was killed because he had many enemies. He also had an illegitimate child. Members of the senate wanted to restore republican liberties. They also had no need for a despot. Many did not want Caesar to start an empire, and many didn't like leaving the old ways either. The wealthy Senate also did not want to have their taxes spent on projects for the benefit of the low class. Many thought killing Caesar was only for the good of Rome. The assassins believed he was too powerful, and they ended him.

Indo-European Migration Post

Disease crept through the village, with the oozing tendrils of Death flickering at the village-goers. It became apparent that this was a true problem after a pattern had occurred, though, and by then it was too late. The choices were to split and evacuate, or stay and die. Most chose the latter option. The common theory was that it was caused by a contaminated crop, but the sicknesses still arose from crops other than those of the village. Therefore, the village was deemed unclean.

This left four families to fend for themselves. They could not travel north, as mountains barred their way, and they decided to who east. While heading east, they would keep a reasonable distance most of the time, and meet up at the end of the day. The Sistan family was poor and servants. The Punjab family was the wealthiest in the village, as landowner, though now the land was lost. The Xizang family had a writer, who used cuneiform. The father of the family who wrote also could draw maps with a fair accuracy. From the start of the disease, he had written about it. The last group was the Moldova family, which was not very fond of the other families. They were pottery makers.

They left the timber houses standing, as an old memory, a friend. Otherwise, they took all they could carry on their back to travel, which was not light and easy. They would need to sell many possessions when they arrived to make enough money to start anew. They also took crops, since they knew now that the crops were not the problem.

The general idea was to travel east, northeast, until they hit a city, which they would inhabit the outskirts of. The journey would be long and hard, and few would live to tell of it, but they knew not, yet.

That night, the families celebrated, danced, sang, and tried to be merry, as they knew the future was too grim to ponder. The Moldova man told his wife to fetch him his Oud (stringed instrument) which the wife brought back. He played. All were almost merry.

The families crossed deserts and plains, and came near the ocean once, but then realized they had traveled too far south. All this time, the man of the Xizang family had been writing out a map. He was not fooled from the impression that they would all stay together. He knew that something would go wrong, and when it did, the families would split. The question was where, when, and how many families would be lost.

It happened on a spring morning, 3 weeks after the journey began. Tensions were growing between the Punjabs and the Sistans. The Punjabs still ordered the Sistans around, even though they had no more wealth and nothing to pay the Sistans. Therefore, when the chance arose, the Punjabs were quick to take it.

The assumption was that the disease had been left behind them, so when a member of the Sistan family died from it, there was panic. The Punjab family immediately argued that the Sistans should be left behind. The Moldovas supported this thought. The leader of the Xizang family gave a big sigh, and agreed, knowing he was outnumbered, but on one condition. Everyone had to give a small portion of their food supply to the Sistans. The next day, when a small hamlet was reached, the Sistans stayed behind in an area near Iran. At this time, Mr. Xizang put a dot down on his map. He then wondered whether the Sistans were the first family to leave, or the first family exiled? How many more times would the families quickly turn on each other?

That night the man of the Xizangs recorded in his journal. He knew the story of his people would one day be lost without him, so he wrote, and wrote. In the next part of his journal, he wrote down the rules for proper procedure when a family decides to leave or is exiled. This included a share of food, water, and supplies. Father Xinzang wanted to keep this as fair as possible.

While mulling this over, leader Xinzang wonders when his own family will leave the group. Will his family leave unified, or separated? Will they leave exiled and shamed? It was only a matter of time.

Two weeks later, the families were parallel with the Caspian Sea. At this point, a Xinzang fell ill. The other families knew they were nothing without a leader, and unofficially, that leader was father Xinzang. They decided council would be held the next day to determine what to do next.

The other families needed the Xinzangs, but they also needed to live.

That night, father Xinzang pondered before sleep. He had come to the great conclusion. The disease had not followed them, but they had brought it with them. It stayed in waiting inside them, and expressed itself when the body was most vulnerable. This meant that the disease festered in their land long before people died from it.

At the council the next morning, this fact was told to the other families. The Moldovas didn’t believe it, while the Punjabs were on the fence. If what leader Xinzang said was true,then there would be no point in exiling him.

But they didn’t see the logic.

The logic they saw was that the hunting was scarce when all the families alternated it while traveling, but now it would be easier, with no competition.

A fight broke out, with long suppressed emotion roaring out. It was decided that the Xinzangs would stay in the Tocharian area. The Moldova’s were to travel around the Caspian Sea and away, as far as possible from the families as they could get. The Punjabs would travel south to the Indic area. They would settle in the rivers that lead into the Indus River Valley.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Everything had been recorded in the diary, and the father had taught all these skills to the eldest son, who soon became the head of the family, and a family of his own, who had a family of their own. His job was to find the families and record how they had changed over the years. That was the father’s dying wish. That was a year ago.

The eldest son Xinzang was dreading seeing the Punjabs and the Moldovas again, so he started with the Sistans.

He watched from afar first, before he walked up to them and told them what happened and his new journey. The family had changed. The 3^rd generation barely spoke any of their language, and the 4^th generation spoke none of it at all. Most of the family were still servants, because they knew nothing else. Their religion had changed, too. The 2^nd generation wasn’t affected as much, but the 3^rd generation barely held any similar beliefs, and the 4^th generation was unrecognizable as anything resembling the family’s old religion. True religion. The Sistans were assimilating into the new culture they lived around, and were losing their old ways of life.

The Punjabs were next, but they were not wealthy, they were dirt poor. They had no proper skill to earn any money, and knew not the culture they lived around. They were forced to change quickly, and yet this was not quick enough. The parents were dead. Only the 2^nd, 3^rd, and 4^th generation was left. Without the parents to hold them to their beliefs and remind them of their culture, they changed into the city’s culture as much as possible. The son Xinzang did not even notice at first who they were.

The last family on the list was the Moldovas, who the son Xinzang did not have a map to. He grabbed his own son, younger Xinzang, to accompany him on the trip.

It was the dead of winter. They traveled light, to get to their destination faster, but this was a mistake. As they traveled further and further north, the colder it got, and soon they met snow, which they had never seen. It was no wonder, but something weighing them down, freezing them to the bone.

The eldest son Xinzang died that week, but not before giving specific instructions for when this event came to be. The son would travel on and find the Moldovas. And he would report back.

He did find the Moldovas while huddling in a cave that night. They didn’t make for good conversation, and the younger Xinzang wondered why they hadn’t made it to their destination.

They were dead.

Julius Caesar-"When" Time-line Post

44 BC, March 15-Julius Caesar dies.
44, early May-Meeting with Antony in Pompey's gardens
43, April 14-27-Battle at Mutina (Antonius defeated)
43, May 24-Antony and Lepidus join forces
43, August 19-First consulate of Caesar Augustus
43, October-Meeting with Antony and Lepidus at island of Reni
43, November 27-Second Triumvirate legislated at Rome
Many proscriptions occur
42, Spring to Winter-Campaign against Brutus and Cassius
October 23-Battle at Philippi
38, January 17-Augustus married Livia, who already had Tiberius (child)
31, September 2-Battle of Actium
30, August-Suicide of Antony and Cleopatra
27, January 13 & 16-Meeting of Senate, name of Augustus awarded
23, June-Augustus ill, assassination attempt by Maecena's brother-in-law
16-13-Gallic and Spanish journey
12, March 6-Augustus elected Pontifex Maximus
4-Augustus named "Pater Patriae", Father of his Country
2, January 1-Dedication of the Forum Augustum
4 AD, July-Augustus wrote his will
14, August-Death of Imperator Caesar Augustus
Tiberius succeeds his throne

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Julius Caesar-"What" Post-Assassination

Near the end of Caesar's reign, he began to consolidate his power. He continued this until 44 B.C.E., when he elected himself dictator for life. This act, along with his continuous attempts at gaining more and more power, turned much of the Senate against him. Sixty members of the Senate came to the the same conclusion. The only resolution was to assassinate Caesar.

The following words are taken (not literally, but as a source) from Nicolaus of Damascus, who wrote an account of Caesar's murder.

After many proposals of how and when to assassinate Caesar, they decided to kill him while he sat in the Senate, where he would be by himself, as no non-Senators were allowed in the Senate. They could also conceal their daggers this way.

Caesar's friends were alarmed at the rumors going around and tried to convince him to stay. They also argued that since he was having a dizzy spell, and since Calpurnia (Caesar's wife) had bad dreams the night before concerning Caesar, that he should stay and tell the Senate he was ill. Brutus then assured Caesar that he would be fine, and that he should have courage. Since Caesar still believed Brutus to be his friend at the time, he accepted and decided to attend. Before Caesar entered the chamber, the priests brought out the sacrifices, which clearly showed unfavorable results for Caesar. This told that there were malignant spirits hidden in the room. Caesar took this excuse to wait to hold the Senate the next day. However, when attendants came to inform him that the Senate was full, and when Brutus once again swayed Caesar's view, he decided to attend.

Under the pretext of a request for his brother (whom Caesar exiled), Cimber approaced and grasped Caesar's toga. This was the signal, and many quickly unsheathed their daggers and attacked. At 35 wounds, Caesar let out his last breath. The leader had fallen.

Julius Caesar-"Who" Blog Post

Gaius Julius Caesar was born on July 12th, 100 B.C.E. His parents were Gaius Caesar and Aurelia. Caesar's family had special privileges because of their family history. Caesar received the classical education of a young Roman, and Cicero considered him one of the most literate of Romans. In 63 B.C.E., Caesar was elected to pontifex maximus, and soon after was elected praetor. He served this praetorship in Spain, and waged a successful war campaign. In 59 B.C.E., Caesar formed the First Triumvirate, which included Roman General Pompey and Crassus. This was helped when Pompey married Caesar's only daughter, Julia. Caesar was awarded governorship of Gaul, and decided to mount an expedition against Britain. This created enthusiasm in Rome, but soon after Vercingetorix, a nobleman from Gaul, threatened Caesar's power base. After trapping Vercingetorix, Caesar forced him to surrender. After Clodius' death, Rome was chaotic. Then Julia died (severing the relationship between Caesar and Pompey), and Crassus died. The Triumvirate had been dissolved. A civil war ensued between Caesar and Pompey. Pompey abandoned Italy to Caesar, then Caesar defeated Pompey at Pharsalus. Pompey fled to Egypt and was killed by Ptolemy. Caesar had followed Pompey to Egypt, and married Cleopatra and had a son, Cesarion. Caesar then consolidated the empire. Dissatisfaction led to Caesar's murder in March 15th, 44 B.C.E. Brutus and Cassius were the two most important conspirators in the assassination.

Latin Final Exam-Freshman

Part One-Vocabulary

1. cornu-horn

2. spiritus-spirit

3. metus-dread

4. familia-family

5. iudex-judge

6. scelus-sin

7. incipio-to begin

8. senex-old

9. dulcis-pleasure

10. mens-mind

11. centum-100

12. itaque-and so

13. iacio-to join

14. mare-sea

15. nubes-clouds

16. civis-citizen

17. divitiae-riches

18. patientia-patience

19. medicus-doctor

20. annus-year

21. bene-good

22. nemo-no one

23. caput-leader

24. senectus-old age

25. timor-fear

26. capio-to capture

27. facio-to make

28. fugio-to flee

29. duco-to lead

30. scribo-to write

31. amor-to love

32. carmen-song

33. homo-human being

34. nomen-name

35. discipula-student

36. possum-to be able to

37. pulcher-beautiful

38. bonus-good

39. nihil-nothing

40. otium-peace

41. stultus-foolish

42. agricola-farmer

43. femina-woman

44. filia-duaghter

45. vir-man

46. rosa-rose

47. pecunia-money

48. magna-great

49. saepe-often

50. video-to see

Part Two-Paradigms and Declensions

Verbs

51. Laudare – Present Active Indicative
laudo
laudas
laudat
laudamus
laudatis
laudant

52. Monere – Present Active Indicative
moneo
mones
monet
monemus
monetis
monent

53. Agere – Present Active Indicative
ago
agis
agit
agimus
agitis
agunt

54. Audire – Present Active Indicative
audio
audies
audet
audiemus
audietis
audiunt

55. Capere – Present Active Indicative
capio
capies
capiet
capiemus
capietis
capient

56. Laudare – Imperfect Active Indicative
laudabam
laudabas
laudabat
laudabamus
laudabatis
laudabant

57. Capere – Imperfect Active Indicative
capiebam
capiebas
capiebat
capiebamus
capiebatis
capiebant

58. Monere – Future Active Indicative
monebo
monebis
monebit
monebimus
monebitis
monebunt

59. Agere – Future Active Indicative
agam
ages
aget
agemus
agetis
agent

60. Laudare – Perfect Active Indicative
laudavi
laudavisti
laudavit
laudavimus
laudavistis
laudaverunt

61. Monere – Perfect Active Indicative
monui
monuisti
monuit
monuimus
monuistis
monuerunt

62. Agere – Perfect Active Indicative
egi
egisti
egit
egimus
egistis
egerunt

63. Audire – Perfect Active Indicative
audivi
audivisti
audivit
audivimus
audivistis
audiverunt

64. Capere – Perfect Active Indicative
cepi
cepisti
cepit
cepimus
cepitis
ceperunt

65. Laudare – Pluperfect Active Indicative
laudaveram
laudaveras
laudaverat
laudaveramus
laudaveratis
laudaverant

66. Audire – Pluperfect Active Indicative
audiveram
audiveras
audiverat
audiveramus
audiveratis
audiverant

67. Laudare – Future Perfect Active Indicative
laudavero
laudaveris
laudaverit
laudaverimus
laudaveritis
laudaverint

68. Monere – Future Perfect Active Indicative
monuero
monueris
monuerit
monuerimus
monueritis
monuerint

69. Laudare – Present Active Imperative (two forms)
lauda
laudate

70. Laudare – Present Passive Indicative
laudor
laudaris
laudatur
laudamur
laudamini
laudantur

71. Monere – Present Passive Indicative
moneor
moneris
monetur
monemur
monemini
monentur

72. Laudare – Imperfect Passive Indicative
laudabar
laudabaris
laudabatur
laudabamur
laudabamini
laudabantur

73. Monere – Imperfect Passive Indicative
monebar
monebaris
monebatur
monebamur
monebamini
monebantur

74. Laudare – Future Passive Indicative
laudabor
laudaberis
laudabitur
laudabimur
laudabimini
laudabintur

75. Monere – Imperfect Passive Indicative
monebar
monebaris
monebatur
monebamur
monebamini
monebantur

76. Esse – Future Indicative Active
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt

77. Posse – Present Indicative Active
posse
potes
potest
possumus
potestis
possunt

Nouns

78. Porta
porta
portae
portae
portam
porta

portae
portarum
portis
portas
portis

79. Amicus
amicus
amici
amico
amicum
amico

amici
amicorum
amicis
amicos
amicis

80. Puer
puer
pueri
puero
puerum
puero

pueri
puerorum
pueris
pueros
pueris

81. Ager
ager
agri
agro
agrum
agro

agres
agrorum
agris
agros
agris

82. Donum
donum
doni
dono
donum
dono

dona
donarum
donis
dona
donis

83. Rex
rex
regis
regi
regem
rege

reges
regum
regibus
reges
regibus

84. Corpus
corpus
corporis
corpori
corpus
corpore

corpora
corporum
corporibus
corpora
corporibus

85. Civis
civis
civis
civi
civem
cive

cives
civium
civibus
cives
civibus

86. Urbs
urbs
urbis
urbi
urbem
urbe

urbes
urbium
urbibus
urbes
urbibus

87. Fructus
fructus
fructus
fructui
fructum
fructu

fructus
fructuum
fructibus
fructus
fructibus

Participles (extra credit if attempted / not counted against if incorrect)

88. Laudans
laudans
laudantis
laudanis
laudanimus
laudanitis
laudanant

89. Monitus
monitus
moniris
monitur
monimur
monimini
monintur

Pronouns

90. Hic, Haec, Hoc
hic haec hoc
huius huius huius
huic huic huic
hunc hanc hoc
hoc hac hoc

hi hae haec
horum harum horum
his his his
hos has haec
his his his

91. Ille, Illa, Illud
ille illa illud
illius illius illius
illi illi illi
illum illam illud
illo illa illo

illi illae illa
illorum illarum illorum
illis illis illis
illos illas illa
illis illis illis

92. Qui, Quae, Quod
qui quae quod
cuius cuius cuius
cui cui cui
quem quam qoud
quo qua quo

qui quae quae
quorum quoarum quorum
quibus quibus quibus
quos quas quae
quibus quibus quibus

93. Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum
ipse ipsa ipsum
ipsius ipsius ipsius
ipsi ipsi ipsi
ipsum ipsam ipsum
ipso ipsa ipso

ipsi ipsae ipsa
ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
ipsis ipsis ipsis
ipsos ipsas ipsa
ipsis ipsis ipsis

94. Is, Ea, Id
is ea id
eis eis eis
ei ei ei
eum eam eum
eo ea eo

95. Idem, Eadem, Idem
Idem eadem idem
eisdem eisdem eisdem
eidem eidem eidem
eundem eandem eundem
eodem eadem eodem

96. Ego
ego
mei
mihi
me
me

97. Tu
tu
tui
tibi
te
te

Adjectives

98. Magnus, Magna, Magnum
magnus magna magnum
magni magnae magni
magno magnae magno
magnum magnam magnum
magno magna magno

magni magnae magna
magnorum magnarum magnorum
magnis magnis magnis
magnos magnas magna
magnis magnis magnis

99. Solus, Sola, Solum
solus sola solum

100. Pulcher, Pulchra, Pulchrum
pulcher pulchra pulchrum
pulchri pulchrae pulchri
pulchro pulchrae pulchro
pulchrum pulchram pulchrum
pulchro pulchra pulchro

pulchri pulchrae pulchra
pulchrorum pulchrarum pulchrorum
pulchris pulchris pulchris
pulchros pulchras pulchra
pulchris pulchris pulchris

Part Three: Translations – translate each of the following accurately (100 points)

101. Labor me vocat.
Labor summons me.

102. Laudas me; culpant me.
You praise me; they blame me.

103. Quid cogitas? – debemus iram vitare. [vitare – to shun, avoid]
You think what?-We ought to avoid anger.

104. Philosophia est ars vitae.
Philosophy is the art of life.

105. Debetis, amici, de populo Romano cogitare.
You all ought, friends, to think of the people of Rome.

106. Pecunia avarum irritat, non satiat. [irritare – to excite, exasperate]
Money excites greed, it does not satisfy.

107. Fortuna est caeca.
Fortune is blind.

108. Officium me vocat.
Duty calls me.

109. Semper Gloria et fama tua manebunt.
Your glory and fame will always remain.

110. Sine dis et deabus in caelo, animus non posse sanus esse.
Without gods and goddesses in heaven, the mind is not able to be sane.

Part Four: Essay – please pick from the following and choose TWO. Write a five paragraph formal academic essay for each. You must have a thesis statement at the end of your first paragraph, and you must cite specific examples from what we have learned this year to back up your thesis. Do not use personal pronouns, and please maintain a consistent tone. (200 points)

a. Sense in an English sentence depends upon word order. Sense in a Latin sentence, however, does not depend so much on word order because Latin nouns, modifiers, and verbs are inflected (by declensions and conjugations). Imagine that you are a Latin teacher. Write an essay explaining how inflection works and discuss why Latin is considered a more ‘economical’ language than English.

Word order. It is something so key to the English language, yet so neglected by other languages, like Latin. Why? The answer is, "becuase of inflection." Latin is a highly inflected language. This means a person can tell much more information than just an action for a verb, or an object for a noun, or even the description of an adjective. In Latin, word order does not create sense, the inflection of the rest of the sentence does that.
Latin sentences do not need word order. They are not arranged in a specific way each time. They can be randomly scattered around, and the sentence will still retain the same meaning. In English, "the cookie ate the boy" would not mean the same as, "the boy ate the cookie". In Latin, though, the words (if written correctly) could be jumbled around, and the sentence would always mean, "the boy ate the cookie".
Inflection gives more meaning to words than a simple definition. Inflection can tell the number, case, tone, mood, tense, the person doing the action, the person receiving the action, what is being described, etc. These can all be done in a few words. That is why word order doesn't matter. In Latin, a general form of word order is used, but this is not at all necessary. It does make it easier for translation, though.
Declensions and conjugations create more meaning in less words. "Less is more", is an appropriate phrase to describe this. That is why Latin is called a more "economic" language than English. Other than when writing large numbers in Roman numberals, Latin is more efficient and economic in usage. In a few words, Latin can present something that would take English multiple sentences and extra words to present.
Saying so much in so little words is what helps make Latin a unique language. It also allows for less wordy sentences, and allows for there to be no need for word order. This saves times, effort, and (in these days) ink. This made it much easier for Latin scribes and others who wrote the language to record. This helped a lot becuase writing would take more effort in earlier times, and time was saved by using less words with more meaning. In conclusion, the inflection of the sentence creates no need for word order, and the ability to express more in less words.

e. Does Latin matter?

Latin is an important language, even to today. Many people would argue this, saying that Latin is a "dead" language, but when closely studied, this theory is proven wrong. Latin has ties still clinging to much of the world today. The language may not be as thriving as it once was, but it is certainly not "dead". Latin helps us understand the world, history, and other languages. This insight makes it easier to understand many languages at once, not just one. Latin matters to the world, even today.
Latin continues to be used by the world today. It is not be as prevalent in Catholicism as in earlier times, when masses were given in Latin, Bibles were in Latin, and more. This is true, but also true is that fact that some masses (like in Vatican City) are still given in Latin. Latin is also the language of science. It provides many of the disease names and other medical vernacular that are used today. One a smaller scale, Latin is used for the spell names in the popular series Harry Potter. For example, "expecto patronum" means "I exspect a defender."
Latin has ties to all the Romance languages, as well as a heavy influence in the English language. This means that Latin lives on today through other languages, like Spanish, French, Romanian, etc. These languages are very influential, and keep Latin's importance.
Latin is part of the Proto-Indo-European languages. The Indo-European languages are the family that is spoken by most of the world today. Over 50% of the world speaks languages that are related to Latin. This is an incredibly large number, with billions of speakers today.
Latin may not be as much of a spoken language, and it is not a "world language" anymore, but that does not mean that the Latin language relinquishes its importance. Latin lives on today, influencing the world in many more subtle ways than it once did. This is why Latin matters. This is why students study Latin today. It is becuase of Latin's ongoing importance, on the past and in the present, that Latin is still alive today.

H.P. Adam Kuester

Technology in School

AMAZING!!! I love how it opens us up to the internet, Web 2.0, etc.
I didn't like Google Docs, because it was slow, saved over others, hard to communicate with, etc.
Otherwise, online stuff was great.
Here's the email about it. The question is at the bottom.

I like Mr. Wojo for his want to embrace the new, in accordance with John Carroll's motto. He wishes us to be knowledgeable in Web 2.0 (Here's a wiki article about it: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0) and be prepared for newer technology and sites. Mr. Wojo takes it upon himself to get us ready for the world in this way. He knows that a great computer understanding is going to greatly help with jobs, etc. in the future.

For Teach Paperless, all Latin students use blog sites to post homework. This makes no need to waste time, trees, and ink on printing papers and turning them in. It is also fun to personalize your blog. Mr. Wojo requires 2 blog posts a week, which all have to do with Latin, Rome, Greece, Greek and Roman Mythology, etc. This makes students learn more about The ancient world, Latin, and Web 2.0. Latin sudents take quizzes and tests on blogger, too, which can ensure accuracy.

Latin students also use Google Earth, Skype, pixton.com, twitter.com, and more in our classes. This maintains variety, creativity, and gives much freedom. Google Earth has a virtual Rome feature. With Skype, group translating is quick and efficient, with talking and chatting for free. Pixton is a great site for making comics, which can tell a Latin myth, or illustrate translations. The Freshman don't use twitter.com, but I hear they can use it for all kinds of great things, too!

This also keeps Latin interesting and fun, while keeping it safe by choosing who can view your blog, comics, tweets, and more.

This does make me seem like a computer nerd to others sometimes, but hey, it'll help me in my future!

~Adam~

---

From: "2011-Barker, Ellen Celeste"
Sent: Tuesday, May 19, 2009 7:13 AM
To: "2012-Kuester, Adam"
Subject: Question for Article

Hey Adam,

This is Ellen Barker. I was wondering if I could ask you a simple question for a journalism article I am writing. I know you take Latin and my article is about Mr. Wojo's Teach Paperless.

Thanks,
Ellen

*What do you think about being paperless in Latin class? (Like or dislike? Why?)

LATIN!!!

http://pixton.com/comic/x5w2ugha

Virtue lacks Vice-Latin Translation

Present Active Indicatives

LAUDARE

Laudo

Laudas

Laudat

Laudamus

Laudatis

Laudant

Laudabam

Laudabas

Laudabat

Laudabamus

Laudabatis

Laudabant

Laudabo

Laudabis

Laudabit

Laudabimus

Laudabitis

Laudabunt

Laudavi

Laudavisit

Laudavit

Laudavimus

Laudavistis

Laudaverunt

Laudaveram

Laudaveras

Laudaverat

Laudaveramus

Laudaveratis

Laudaverant

Laudavero

Laudaeris

Laudaverit

Laudaverimus

Laudaveritis

Laudaverint

MONERE

Moneo

Mones

Monet

Monemus

Monetis

Monent

Monebam

Monebas

Monebat

Monebamus

Monebatis

Monebant

Monebo

Monebis

Monebit

Monebimus

Monebitis

Monebunt

Monui

Monuisti

Monuit

Monuimus

Monuistis

Monuerunt

Monueram

Monueras

Monuerat

Monueramus

Monueratis

Monuerant

Monueri

Monueris

Monuerit

Monuerimus

Monueritis

Monuerint

AGERE

Ago

Agis

Agit

Agimus

Agitis

Agunt

Agebam

Agebas

Agebat

Agebamus

Agebatis

Agebant

Agam

Ages

Aget

Agemus

Agetis

Agent

Egi

Egisti

Egir

Egimus

Egitis

Egerunt

Egeram

Egeras

Egerat

Egeramus

Egeratis

Egerant

Egero

Egeris

Egerit

Egerimus

Egeritis

Egerint

AUDIRE audire

Audio

Audis

Audit

Audimus

Auditus

Audiunt

Audiebam

Audiebas

Audiebat

Audiebamus

Audiebatis

Audiebant

Audiam

Audies

Audiet

Audiemus

Audietis

Audient

Audivi

Audivisti

Audivit

Audivimus

Audivitis

Audiverunt

Audiveram

Audiveras

Audiverat

Audiveramus

Audiveratis

Audiverant

Audivero

Audiveris

Audiverit

Audiverimus

Audiveritis

Audiverint

CAPERE

Capio

Capis

Capit

Capimus

Capitis

Capiunt

Capiebam

Capiebas

Capiebat

Capiebamus

Capiebatis

Capiebant

Capiam

Capies

Capiet

Capiemus

Capietis

Capient

Cepi

Cepisti

Cepit

Cepimus

Cepistis

Ceperunt

Ceperam

Ceperas

Ceperat

Ceperamus

Ceperatis

Ceperant

Cepero

Ceperis

Ceperit

Ceperimus

Ceperitis

ceperint

Paradigm for "Laudare"-Chapters 11-20

Laudavi

Laudavisti

Laudavit

Laudavimus

Laudavistis

Laudaverunt

Laudaveram

Laudaveras

Laudaverat

Laudaveramus

Laudaveratis

Laudaverant

Laudavero

Laudaeris

Laudaverit

Laudaverimus

Laudaveritis

Laudaverint

Laudor

Laudaris

Laudaturl

Laudamur

Laudamini

Laudantur

Laudabar

Laudabaris

Laudabatur

Laudabamur

Laudabamini

Laudabantur

Laudabor

Laudaberis

Laudabitur

Laudabimur

Laudabimini

Laudabuntur

Laudatus sum

Laudatus es

Laudatus est

Luadati sumus

Laudati estis

Laudati sunt

Laudatus ero

Laudatus eris

Laudatus erit

Laudati erimus

Laudati eritis

Laudati erunt

Laudatus eram

Laudatus eras

Laudatus erat

Laduati eramus

Laudati eratis

Laudati erant

7 Important objects in Greek and Roman Mythology

1. Aphrodite's Magic Girdle-had the ability to arouse desire and create a hunger for love. It was so effective that whomever she desired would fall in love with her. It is said that one time Hera used this to win back Zeus' affections.

2. Apollo's Lyre-a lyre is a Greek musical instrument with seven strings. Given to him by Hermes, Apollo also taught mortals how to play.

3. Ares' Ancile-large bronze age figure 8 shield. This was seen as a great symbol of reverence and luck.

4. Asclepius' Caduceus-this is the traditional symbol for medicine. This has twin snakes around the staff and twin wings at the top.

5. Athena's Aegis-snake fringed shield/armor that had Medusa's head in the center. It is said that the wearer of this would become invincible.

6. Hade's Helmet-magical helmet bestowed to him by the cyclopes, which would make the wearer invisible. This was lent to many heroes and gods, but the most famous of which is Perseus in his slaying of the gorgon Medusa.

7. Zeus' thunderbolts-wielded mightily form Mount Olympus. The cyclopes made these for Zeus as a gift for setting them free. Those who sought to steal them suffered terrible fates.