The Olympics-Ancient Vs. Modern-With 6 Major Differences

The Ancient Greek Olympics are very different from the modern-day Olympics, but they still have the same general idea. The winners still gain the fame and glory. There are also no monetary prizes, as in the Ancient Olympics. Some ancient events also remain (discus, javelin, etc.) The French Baron Pierre de Coubertin also wished to regain the ideals of the Ancient Olympics in the new modern-day Olympics.

6 Major Differences
1. Only a few hundred of Greek descent could participate in the Ancient Greek games
The Salt Lake City Olympics featured 2600 athletes from 77 countries.
2. Only men could participate in the Ancient Olympics. It was even part of their citizen's education.
Now, women can participate in the modern-day Olympics. The first women to compete were Marie Ohnier and Mme. Brohy (they participated in croquet games in the 1900 Olympics)
3. The Ancient Olympic Games were a religious event to honor the Greek god Zeus (king of the gods). A hundred oxen were also given as a sacrifice.
Frenchman Pierre Baron de Coubertin, who helped revive the Olympic Games, insisted that they feature the international competition of athletes
4. The Ancient Olympic events only had one winner, who received the olive branch crown. A statue of him was also erected in Olympia
Now there are 15 types of events with a bronze, silver, and gold medal. People now don't die to win.
5. The Ancient Greeks never thought of the Winter Olympics.
The Winter Olympics are a modern invention. The first Winter Olympics was held in Chamonix, France
6. The Ancient Olympic Games were always held in Olympia.
They are now held at different places each year, with Greece only being the site of the 1st modern Olympic Games.

Chapter 17-Test

Practice and Review-1-10
1. Yes, "quae nos semper alunt" is a relative clause
2. No relative clause
3. No relative clause
4. Yes, "quae mentes nostras semper regere" and "qua valere" are relative clauses
5. Yes, "quam difficile est" is a relative clause
6. No relative clause
7. Yes, "quae eum saepe neglegebat" is a relative clause
8. No relative clause
9. No relative clause
10. No relative clause

On the Pleasures of Love in Old Age
Is love in old age? Truly, the pleasure is less, but less also is the desire. However, we worry nothing, if we do not desire, and he who does not desire does not lack. Youth desire excessively; the old often have enough love and much wisdom. I think, therefore, this time of life is pleasant.

Riley and Ripple-The Roman Pillar Monster-Part 2

Chapter 17-Sententiae Antiquae-3 Pixtons

These are numbers 3, 4, and 5.
They translate to:
3. Many citizens either don't see the dangers which are imminent or they neglect what they see.
4. He who gives quickly gives twice.
5. He who has begun, the deed had been made half. Begin!

Chapter 17-Sententiae Antiquae-Noun Cases

1. Amice-Genitive or Nominative
2. Filium-Accusative
3. Dionysis-Dative or Ablative
4. Graecia-Nominative, Vocative, or Ablative
5. Siciliam-Accusative
6. Tempestatem-Accusative
7. Cives-Nominative or Accusative
8. Pericula-Nominative or Ablative
9. Facti-Nominative or Genitive
10. Fortuna-Nominative or Ablative
11. Fortuna-Nominative or Ablative
12. Fortuna-Nominative or Ablative
13. Victoria-Nominative or Ablative
14. Simulatio-Nominative
15. Veritatem-Accusative
16. Nomen-Nominative or Accusative
17. Virtutem-Accusative
18. Viri-Nominative or Genitive
19. Corpore-Ablative
20. Turbam-Accusative

Chapter 17-Sententiae Antiquae-Parsing Verbs

• Salve-2nd person singular imperative
• Commisi-1st person singular perfect active indicative of "commitere" meaning "untie"
• Dixi-1st person singular perfect active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to talk"
• Navigabat-3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of "navigare" meaning "to navigate"
• Imminent-3rd person singular present active indicative of "imminere" meaning "to threaten"
• Vident-3rd person plural present active indicative of "videre" meaning to "to see"
• Vident-3rd person plural present active indicative of "videre" meaning to "to see"
• Neglegunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "neglegere" meaning "to neglect"
• Dat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "dare" meaning "to give"
• Dat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "dare" meaning "to give"
• Coepit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "coeppesi" meaning "began"
• Habet-3rd person singular present active indicative of "habere" meaning "to have"
• Incipe-2nd person imperative of "incipere" meaning "to begin"
• Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Reposcit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "reposcere" meaning "to demand back"
• Dedit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "dare" meaning "to give"
• Facit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "facere" meaning "to make"
• Amat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "amare" meaning "to love"
• Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Facit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "facere" meaning "to make"
• Adiuvat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "adiuvare" meaning "to help"
• Vincit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "vincere" meaning "to conquer"
• Vincit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "vincere" meaning "to conquer"
• Delet-3rd person singular present active indicative of "delere" meaning "to destroy"
• Valere-infinitive meaning "to be strong"
• Potest-3rd person singular present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Amavi-1st person singular perfect active indicative of "amare" meaning "to love"
• Periit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "perire" meaning "to die"
• Vita-2nd person singular imperative
• Vive-2nd person singular imperative
• Facere-infinitive meaning "to make"
• Possunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Admitte-2nd person singular imperative
• Potes-2nd person singular present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Facere-infinitive meaning "to make"

Latin Help-Parsing S.A. Chapter 17

• Salve-2nd person singular imperative
• Commisi-1st person singular perfect active indicative of "commitere" meaning "untie"
• Dixi-1st person singular perfect active indicative of "dicere" meaning "to talk"
• Navigabat-3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of "navigare" meaning "to navigate"
• Imminent-3rd person singular present active indicative of "imminere" meaning "to threaten"
• Vident-3rd person plural present active indicative of "videre" meaning to "to see"
• Vident-3rd person plural present active indicative of "videre" meaning to "to see"
• Neglegunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "neglegere" meaning "to neglect"
• Dat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "dare" meaning "to give"
• Dat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "dare" meaning "to give"
• Coepit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "coeppesi" meaning "began"
• Habet-3rd person singular present active indicative of "habere" meaning "to have"
• Incipe-2nd person imperative of "incipere" meaning "to begin"
• Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Reposcit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "reposcere" meaning "to demand back"
• Dedit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "dare" meaning "to give"
• Facit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "facere" meaning "to make"
• Amat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "amare" meaning "to love"
• Est-3rd person singular present active indicative of "esse" meaning "to be"
• Facit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "facere" meaning "to make"
• Adiuvat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "adiuvare" meaning "to help"
• Vincit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "vincere" meaning "to conquer"
• Vincit-3rd person singular present active indicative of "vincere" meaning "to conquer"
• Delet-3rd person singular present active indicative of "delere" meaning "to destroy"
• Valere-infinitive meaning "to be strong"
• Potest-3rd person singular present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Amavi-1st person singular perfect active indicative of "amare" meaning "to love"
• Periit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "perire" meaning "to die"
• Vita-2nd person singular imperative
• Vive-2nd person singular imperative
• Facere-infinitive meaning "to make"
• Possunt-3rd person plural present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Admitte-2nd person singular imperative
• Potes-2nd person singular present active indicative of "posse" meaning "to be able to"
• Facere-infinitive meaning "to make"

Chapter 17-S.A. 1-12, Old Age Love

1. Greeting, good friend, to whom I united my son yesterday.
2. Dionysus, who spoke about this before, sailed from Greece to Sicily though a storm.
3. Many citizens either don't see the dangers which are imminent or they neglect what they see.
4. He who gives quickly gives twice.
5. He who has begun, the deed had been made half. Begin!
6. Fortune is easy: he demands back what he gives quickly.
7. Fortune makes foolish him whom she loves too much.
8. Not only is fortune blind, but it also makes those who it always helps blind.
9. He who conquers himself in victory conquers twice.
10. Pretense destroys truth, without which the name of friendship is not able to have power.
11. I truly loved that man's virtue, which did not perish with his body.
12. Avoid the crowd. Live with these men who are able to make you better; let in those whom you can make better.

On the Pleasures of Love in Old Age
Is love in old age? Truly the pleasure is less, but less also is desire. But nothing is a concern to us, if we are not desiring, and he who does not desire does not lack. Youths desire excessively; old men often have much love and wisdom. Therefore, I think that this time of life is pleasant.

Chapter 17 Vocab Quiz

1. libellus-little book
2. quae-who
3. caecus-blind
4. levis-light
5. aut-or
6. cito-quickly
7. quoque-also
8. admittere-to admit
9. coepi-began
10. cupio-to desire
11. deleo-to destroy

Riley and Ripple-The Roman Pillar Monster-Part 1

Well, this may not seem like it, but this is going to have everything to do with Latin. You'll see after the next part comes out...

Verbs from The Myrmidons-Ant People Parsing

Regebat-3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of "regere" meaning "to rule"
Ceperat-3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of "capere" meaning "to capture"
Iunxerat-3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of "jungere" meaning "to join"
Tolerare-infinitve meaning "to tolerate"
Potuerat-3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of "possum" meaning "to be able to"
Sensit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "sentire" meaning "to feel"
Tenuit-3rd person singular present indicative active of "tenere" meaning "to have"
Vivebant- 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of "vivere" meaning "to live"
Misit- 3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "mittere" meaning "to send"
Vocavit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of "vocare" meaning "to speak"
Delevit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of "delere" meaning "to delete"
Neglegere- infinitive meaning "to neglect"
Debes- 2nd person singular present indicative active of "debere" meaning "ought"
Audivit- 3rd person singular present indicative active of "audivere" meaning "to hear"
Coepit-3rd person singular present indicative active of "coepessi" meaning "began"
Mutare- infinite meaning "to mutate"
Est-3rd person singular present indicative active of "sum" meaning "to be"
Fecit-3rd person singular perfect indicative active of "facere" meaning "to make"
Dico-1st person singular present indicative active of "dicere" meaning "to talk"
Erat-3rd person singular present indicative active of "sum" meaning "to be"
Erat-3rd person singular present indicative active of "sum" meaning "to be"

The Myrmidons (Ant People)

Once upon a time, Aeacus was ruler of Aegina, whose name he took from his mother Aeaci, who at the time Jupiter joined her in love. Juno, who was not able to tolerate the bad morals of Jupiter, sensed this deed and kept the memory. Many years after this, she sent death to everyone who lived on the island. "Oh, father Jupiter," Aeacus called, "Juno destroyed my whole population! Help me, your son, who you love and you ought not to neglect." The god heard him and without delay began to mutate ants into humans! And so Jupiter, when nothing is too difficult, male small men and women out of animals. (Truth tells, can it not be?)
The son of Aeacus is Peleus, whose son is that man Achilles, the leader of the Myrmidons (Ant people)

20 Roman God/Goddess/Hero sentences (with relative clauses)

1. Apollo, who is the god of light, is very truthful.
2. Ceres, who is the goddess of agriculture and marriage, just helped a farm grow.
3. Diana, who is a hunter goddess, is also a goddess of the moon and fertility.
4. Juno, who is the queen of the gods, just smote a man.
5. Jupiter, who is the king of the gods, just killed a hydra.
6. Mars, who is the god of war, liked the Trojan War for its bloody onslaughts.
7. Mercury, who is the god of trade, just sold me a diamond sword.
8. Minerva, who is the goddess of wisdom and learning, just beat my in chess...with one move.
9. Neptune, who is the god of the sea, is also the god of horses, cyclopes, and earthquakes.
10. Venus, who is the goddess of love and beauty, just swayed my heart.
11. Vesta, who is the goddess of fire, just insulted Vulcan.
12. Vulcan, who is the god of fire, is a craftsmen and a blacksmith who just smacked Vesta.
13. Perseus, who is a great hero, just slayed Medusa.
14. Hercules, who is also a great hero, slayed many a creature.
15. Bellerophon, who is one of the greatest heroes, captured and taed Pegasus.
16. Achilles, who is another hero, battled in the Trojan War.
17. Aeneas, who was also at Troy, is the hero of the Illiad and the Aeneid.
18. Theseus, who was an Athenian hero, kllled the Minotaur.
19. Jason, who lead the Agronauts, rocked.
20. Ajax, who is a hero, battled in the Trojan War

Roman Work

Romans woke up early and usually worked a six hour day. Free men and freedman were usually out on their business the whole morning, contributing to the bustle of the urban activity. The import business was centered in Ostia. The biulding industry was the reason for the continual supply of skilled labor. This took teh form of architects, surveyors, supervisors, foremen, sculpters, stonemasons, carpenters, and brickworks' managers.

In the cities and towns, retail and wholesale shops operated, craftsmen plied their trades, and little shops, taverns, and inns did their own business. They, in turn, were supplied with raw materials and foodstuffs from the agricultural activity on estates. Sons tended to follow their father's trade, and the only respectable jobs in the upper class involved law and politics. Other fields involved the work of freedmen, so were lower. These included architecture, medicine, surgery, dentistry, teachingm and agricultural management. This left a sizeable group of educated (if not always aristocratic) people unemployed.

After the daily work routine, a visit to the public baths was usual, for men and as well as women.

(for more on baths, see Roman Baths post)

Roman Circus

The Romans adapted the idea of the Greek Hippodrome to become the Roman Circus. The term is applied to the events that occurred inside of the enclosure. Combat between gladiators, wild beasts, and gladiators and wild beasts, which were usually held in an amphitheater, were sometimes also held in circuses. Many tiers of seat surrounded the circus, except at one end. At this end the stalls for the horses and chariots were located. In the center of the circus, extending lengthwise almost end to end, was a low wall called the spina. The riders and charioteers rode around this wall.

The Roman populace often demanded "bread and circuses" from their political candidates. They wanted sustenance and entertainment. The Roman general Pompey the Great is said to have (in 55 BC) sponsored 5 days of circus games. In this length of time, 500 lions and 20 elephants were killed.

Later (from the Fall of teh Roman Empire to the end of the Renaissance), the Roman circuses were gradually torn apart for their building stones. Few traces of these circuses remain.

Capitoline Hill-Titus' Tour

I, Titus Tullius Sextus, finished my porridge and bread, wiped my mouth, strapped on my boots, and adjusted my toga. I stood and looked at the surrounding landscape, which went on as far as the eye could see, past buildings and fields. I sighed. Another long day would be ahead of me. I would first go to the Temple of Veiovis to worship (where I wondered every day why the cella was wider than the front porch), and then I would walk my often-trodden path to the Asylum to give tours of Capitolinus Mons (Capitoline Hill).
This was my job, to appeal to the strangers that entered the Asylum daily, to draw the interest of the travelers from afar. "Titus the Tour Guide" was my title. I would take my customers on a tour of the Asylum and Capitoline Hill, for a fair pay, which provided me with enough for my living.
I am a very knowledgeable guide, or at least I like to think so, but I am getting bored of the same old thing, day after day, rote recitation and routes. I long for something better, something new. I have a feeling this was my lucky day.
I was standing at the main entrance area of the Asylum, watching as the travelers from afar wandered through. I knew by now the right people to pick out. I looked for three things in a potential customer. For one, they could not be weary and tired, for they would never accept to the tour. For two, they should not be walking with purpose, because he could not interrupt their planned travels. For three, they must have enough payment for the tour.
I soon spotted a potential customer who was walking in my direction, or rather, I was spotted by a potential customer who was walking in my direction. This wasn’t normal, but I did my normal spiel of appeal for my tour. The customer was only too anxious, but he also seemed to be nervous. He was quickly looking both ways as if he was making sure he wasn’t followed. I didn’t catch this, so when the shady customer agreed and provided payment, I was only too happy to take this traveler on my first tour of the day.
I always began my tour on the Arx, the northern summit of the hill, which was the higher point of Capitoline Hill. The tour literally only went downhill from there. On the way to the Temple of Juno Moneta I spewed general information about the hill.
“The Capitoline Hill is the smallest of the seven hills of Rome. It is surrounded by steep cliffs on all sides except in the southeast where it is accessible from the Roman Forum. It is located between the Forum and the Campus Martius. It is also the religious center of the city. The northern and southern summits of the hill are divided by the Asylum, which is where we just came from. South of the Asylum are a few other temples, the most prominent of which is the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. The Capitoline Hill was a site for this temple for the Capitoline Triad, which are Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. The temple was started under the rule of Rome’s fifth king Tarquin the Elder. Legend says that the recovery of a human skull (“head” in Latin is “caput”) while foundation trenches were being dug led to the name of the hill. When the Senones Gauls raided Rome in 390 BC, this was the one section of the city that evaded capture by the barbarians. Julius Caesar and the brother and nephew of Vespasian also visited this hill. Also-“
“Excuse me”, the shady traveler interjected. “Can you tell me more about the Asylum?”
“I was getting to that”, I answered. “The Asylum is a grove in the depression between the two summits of Capitoline Hill (the Arx and the Capitolium). An asylum can be any place offering safety, shelter, and protection. Tradition states that Romulus invited visitors, settlers, and refugees from afar in the Asylum. This began Rome’s policy of encouraging a diverse population.”
We arrived at the Temple of Juno Moneta. “This is a temple for Juno ‘who warns’. The Roman Mint is located here.” I then showed the stranger the amazing architecture including the marble columns and arches of the temple and then I showed him where the money was made.
When we were both finished, I told the stranger where we would travel next. We were going to the Capitolium to visit the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, the Temple of Fides, and the Aedes Tensarum. The Aedes Tensarum was first. I answered the traveler’s questions as we walked over. We strolled along as many others were busily hurrying all around. A sweet wind blew, which brightened my mood. I couldn’t get over the fact that the traveler man was jittery the whole time. I tried to wave it off in the back of my mind. When we arrived at the Aedes Tensarum, I began again.
“The Aedes Tensarum is a small temple where symbols of the gods during the theater festivals are stored. Chariots are also housed here.” We then walked to the Temple of Fides, saving the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus for last. On the way to the temple of Fides, I saw a Roman man with a something sharp in his toga and wondered why he looked so mischievous. The traveler then clumsily bumped into him, and we continued on.
At the Temple of Fides I told the man, “This temple is dedicated to the goddess Fides.” I then went on to explain to him that this temple was different in its colorful archaic features. One such requirement was that the priests had to wrap their hands to symbolize the sacred nature of oaths. Senators also met here.
When we arrived at the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, I felt like I had already told him a lot about it. As I began to tell the man of the highlights of the temple, an actual light appeared near the altar. I walked over to check it out as the light turned into some kind of swirling portal to another area. I turned to wonder aloud to the man, but as I did he drew a knife. He must have pick pocketed it from the man near the Temple of Fides. He stared at me deviously. I looked at him closer and saw the uniform underneath his clothes. “You must have escaped from Carcer”, I said. Carcer was the ancient state prison of Rome at the bottom of the Capitoline Hill. He told me the truth, “Yes, then I stole a uniform from a man at the Temple of Concord. And before you ask, I am killing you to take your place and blend in. I will become you and will never be found.” He glared hungrily at me. On any other day I would have stayed away from the colorful tunnel, but today I spun and dove straight into it.
In the tunnel I wondered why such a portal would open up for me. I came out the other side of the tunnel in a familiar place. It was Capitoline Hill, but it was run down and looked old. I walked outside, confused, and asked the closest person I could see what happened. He told me that the temples were over a thousand years old and that this ruin was bound to happen sometime.
I questioned him again. “What year is this?”
The man answered, “1536.”
My pride for the Hill overtook my confusion of time, place, etc. I told him, “I need to find the nearest architect to fix these buildings.”
He raised his hand slowly and looked down. “I’m an architect”, he said. He looked sad.
“Well great! You can help rebuild and improve these places. I can even help you with them.” He still looked sad. “Come on”, I begged him. “Please, you must help me. This place has a huge historical importance. You must help.”
He finally agreed. “Glad to do business with you”, I said to the man. “My name is Michelangelo”, he said. “And I’m glad to help, too!”
Years passed. The church of Santa Maria de Aracoeli was built at the Arx. The Piazza del Campidoglio and the surrounding palazzos were designed by Michelangelo, who decided to orient the Capitoline towards St. Peter’s Basilica. Still, the Hill was restored, so I was satisfied. Capitoline Museums then opened. I helped bring back the Capitoline. I decided that my purpose of coming into the future must have been to start off Michelangelo. This always confused me. And when I figured out that Rome was gone I almost died, but hey, this was a new start, just like I wanted…

Information Bibliography:
"Capitoline Hill." Wikipedia.org. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Hill.
"Capitoline Hill." Rome Reborn. Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities.
http://www.romereborn.virginia.edu/ge/GF-006.html.
"Asylum." Rome Reborn. Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities.

Picture Bibliography:
http://www.ancient-rome.com/images/7hills.jpg
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-capitoline-museum-pictures/eosa_032.jpg
Google Earth Screenshots. Digital image. Google Earth.

Roman Calendars-A Contribution to Today

The original Roman calendar was chaotic. It included 10 months and 304 days in a year that started with March. Two more months, January and February, were added later that century. Because these months were only 29 or 30 days long, an extra month had to be added about every second year. The days of the month had an awkward method of counting backward from three days: the calends (1st of the month), the ides (the middle of the month, occurring on the 13th sometimes and on the 15th the other times), and the nones (the ninth day before the ides). This was then even more hopelessly confused when officials abused their authority to prolong their terms in office or to hasten or delay elections. In 45 BC, Julius Caesar was advised by the Greek astronomer Sosigenes to use a solar calendar. This calendar became known as the Julian Calendar and fixed the year with 365 days and 366 days every 4th year. This was called a leap year. This order was established as it is known in everyday calendars. In 44 BC Caesar changes the name of the month Quintilis to Julius(July)after himself. Then the month Sextilis was renamed after the Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus (August). The Romans named the days of the week in honor of the sun, moon, and various planets.

Basic Capitoline Hill Story

My name is Titus Tullius Sextus. I work at the Asylum in ancient times. I will be meeting people as they come in, walking around the hill after work, etc.

Latin Phone Numbers!

1410 817 4765-MCDX DCCXVII MMMMDCCLXV
1443 677 3059-MCDXLIII DCLXXVII MMMLIX
1443 564 8456-MCDXLIII DLXIV MMMMMMMMCDLVI
MMMMMMMMMCMXCIX
Football-superbowl
Bottom of sheet music
Clocks
Outlines _
5,000- V _
100, 000- X _
500, 000- D _
1,000,000- M

The Gallic War-Julius Caesar

These are the 2nd and 3rd groups of sentences that we were supposed to do.

All these differ from each other in language, customs, and laws. The Garumna River divides the Gauls from the Aquitani, and the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgians.

Of all these the Belgae are the strongest, because they are the farthest from the civilization and refinement of our province, and merchants least often resort to them and import those things that tend to effeminate the mind,

Vocab Quiz-Chapter 16

1. aetas-life
2, auditor-listener
3. clementia-mercy
4. mens-mind
5. satura-satire
6. acer-sharp
7. brevis-brief
8. celer-swift
9. dificillis-difficult
10. dulcis-sweet
11. facillis-easy
12. fortis-strong

Roman Baths-Not quite the same as today...

Public baths (thermae) were all over Rome. They were in large cities and small towns alike. Under the Republic they had hot, warm, and cold-water baths (caldaria, tepidaria, frigidaria). Alongside these baths were the exercise areas (palaestra). The baths near Pompeii's forum (75 BC) are an excellent example of the early type of public baths. Under the empire these structures became grander. Sone examples of these new baths are the Baths of Caracalla (ca. AD 217) in Rome. These also included libraries, lecture halls, and vast vaulted public spaces. They were decorated with statues, mosaics, painting, and stuccos.

Chapter 15 S.A., #'s 1-9

1. I have long been on that ship and because of the storm and the clouds, I kept expecting death.
2. We came up to that city in seven hours.
3. Italy was abundant in the Greek arts at those times, and many Romans cultivated these arts.
4. They kept hesitating between war and peace.
5. In that time, I was driving that man into the city.
6. Each miserable kept saying : "I am a Roman citizen."
7. My girl used to love her sparrow, and the sparrow chirped to her only and it did not move from her lap.
8. My sons used to esteem my brother, they avoided me; they called me a bitter father and awaited my death. Now on the other hand, I changed my morals have changed and I will draw two sons to me tomorrow
9. The tyrant Dionysius, because the head barber kept fearing to commit, he taught his daughters to cut his beard and hair, so the maidens cut their father's hair and beard.

Chapter 15-Numeral Test ='(

Part I-Roman Numerals for 1-23, +50 +90
1. I
2. II
3. III
4. IV
5. V
6. VI
7. VII
8. VIII
9. IX
10. X
11. XI
12. XII
13. XIII
14. XIV
15. XV
16. XVI
17. XVII
18. XVIII
19. XIX
20. XX
21. XXI
22. XXII
23. XXIII
50. L
90. XC

Part II-Cardinals 1-20, + each 10 through 100
1. unus
2. duo
3. tres
4. quattuor
5. quinqua
6. sex
7. septem
8. octo
9. novem
10. decem
11. undecim
12. duodecim
13. tredecim
14. quattuordecim
15. quindecim
16. sedecim
17. septendecim
18. duodeviginti
19. undeviginti
20. viginti
30. triginta
40. quadraginta
50. quinquaginta
60. sexaginta
70. septuaginta
80. octoginta
90. nonaginta
100. centum

Part III-Ordinals 1-20, + each ten through 100
1. primus
2. secundus
3. tertius
4. quartus
5. quintus
6. sextus
7. septimus
8. octavus
9. nonus
10. decimus
11. undecimus
12. duodecimus
13. tertius decimus
14. quartus decimus
15. quintus decimus
16. sextus decimus
17. septimus decimus
18. duodevicesimus
19. undevicesimus
20. vicesimus
30. trigesimus
40. quadragesimus
50. quinquagesimus
60. sexagesimus
70. septuagesimus
80. octogesimus
90. nonagesimus
100. centesimus

How the Seas Got Their Names

Aegean-name derived from Aegeus, king of Athens and father of Theseus
or from Aegea a queen of the Amazons who drowned in the sea
or from an ancient Greek town known as Aegae
Adriatic-named for Adria, a flourishing port and colony. "Adria" also means "water" or "sea"
Ionian-Io supposedly swam across this sea and it was named after her.
Mediterranean-from "medi" and "terra" in Latin, which make it literally "in the middle of the land"
Tyrrhenian-named for a Greek name for the Etruscans, who were said to be emmigrants from Lydia led by the prince Tyrrhenus.

S.A. p. 101 #'s 2 + 8, Cyrus' Dying Words on Immortality

2. We came up to that city in seven hours.
8. My sons used to esteem my brother, they avoided me; they called me a bitter father and awaited my death. Now on the other hand, I changed my morals have changed and I will draw two sons to me tomorrow.

Cyrus' Dying Words on Immortality
Oh my three sons, you ought not be miserable. In fact, now I come to death, but my part, my soul, will always remain. As long as I was with you, you did not see the soul, but from my deeds you realized it was in my body. Therefore, believe that the soul is the same after death, even if you will not see it, and always preserve me in your memory.

The Roman Alphabet-A Legacy to Today

One of the descedants of the Greek alphabet was the Etruscan alphabet. The earliest known example of the Roman alphabet was an inscription on a gold brooch in the 6th century. Roman conquests lead to the use of the Latin alphabet as the basic alphabet of all languages of western Europe.
The Romans originally took 21 of the Greek and Etruscan letters as their own. They would represent the sounds of their language. The Greek letters upsilon (Y) and zeta (Z) were originally dropped out of the Latin language. Since the Romans valued the Greek culture highly, they borrowed some Greek words which used "Y" and "Z". Because of this, these letters were eventually added to the alphabet. During the Middle Ages, "J" was a variant of "I" and "U" was a variant of "V". They acheived the status of separate letters during the Renaissance. In northern Europe, when "uu" or "vv" occurred, they eventually became the letter "w". This provided the 26 letters of the Roman alphabet used for modern English.

Europa and the Bull-NOUNS

1. Underline all nouns
2. Identify case of the first 5 nouns
3. Write out the paradigms of those nouns

1. Europam-Accusative
Singular
N. Europa
G. Europae
D. Europae
A. Europam
Ab. Europa
Plural
N. Europae
G. Europarum
D. Europis
A. Europas
Ab. Europis

2. Filiam-Accusative
Singular
N. Filia
G. Filiae
D. Filiae
A. Filiam
Ab. Filia
Plural
N. Filiae
G. Filiarum
D. Filiis
A. Filias
Ab. Filiis

3. Agenoris-Dative
Could be first declension or second declension
Singular
N. Agenor
G. Agenori
D. Agenoro
A. Agenorum
Ab. Agenoro
Plural
N. Agenori
G. Agenororum
D. Agenoris
A. Agenoros
Ab. Agenoris

4. Iuppiter-Nominative
Singular
N. Iuppiter
G. Iuppiteris
D. Iuppiteri
A. Iuppiterem
Ab. Iuppitere
Plural
N. Iuppiteres
G. Iuppiterum
D. Iuppiteribus
A. Iuppiteres
Ab. Iuppiteribus

5. Rex-Nominative
Singular
N. Rex
G. Regis
D. Regi
A. Regem
Ab. Rege
Plural
N. Reges
G. Regum
D. Regibus
A. Reges
Ab. Regibus

Europa and The Bull-Translation and Parsing

Jupiter, the king of the gods, saw Europa, the daughter of Agenor. Overcome by love, he said, "Without this pretty woman I will not be able to live. What am I to do? This maiden, if I will overcome her power, she will not love me, and Juno, my wife, if she will come upon my ambush, she will punish me. Therefore, with skill I ought to lead Europa towards me.

Jupiter, for himself, has dedicated his form to a bull. He has run with speed from his citadel in the heavens through clouds into the land. Europa had wandered with her friends into a remote location. With this she has come to that great bull. She has fled from the boys; only Europa (for she has always loved the animal) she has remained with the bull. She has held her arm to the his own neck; without delay she has drawn this man across the sea.

Europa perceived danger and has called out, "Oh," Jupiter has said, "Beautiful woman, no evil thought is in my spirit. Not bull, but god I am. Not death, but your fame and glory will come, for your great name joins the poet with mine."

Verbs:
1. vidit-3rd person singular perfect indicative active of "videre" meaning "to see"
2. dixit-3rd person singular perfect indicative active of "dicere" meaning "to talk"
3. vivere-infinitive meaning "to live"
4. agam-1st person singular future indicative active of "agere" meaning "to drive"
5. superabo-1st person singular future indicative active of "superare" meaning "to overcome"
6. amabit-3rd person singular future indicative active of "amare" meaning "to love"
7. inveniet-3rd person singular future indicative active of "invenire" meaning "to come upon"
8. castigabit-3rd person singular future indicative active of "castigare" meaning "to punish"
9. ducere-infinitive meaning "to lead"
10. debeo-1st person singular present indicative active of "debere" meaning "ought"
11. dedit-3rd person singular perfect indicative active of "dare" meaning "to give"
12. cucurrit-3rd person singular present indicative active of "cucerre" meaning "to run"
13. erraverat-3rd person singular pluperfect indicative active of "errare" meaning "to wander"
14. venit-3rd person singular present indicative active of "venire" meaning "to come"
15. fugerunt-3rd person plural perfect indicative active of "fugere" meaing " to flee"
16. amaverat-3rd person singular pluperfect indicative active of "amare" meaning "to love"
17. remansit-3rd person singular perfect indicative active of "remansare" meaning "to remain"
18. tenuit-3rd person singular perfect indicative active of "tenere" meaning "to hold"
19. traxit-3rd person singular perfect indicative active of "trahere" meaning "to draw"
20. exclamavit-3rd person singular perfect indicative active of "exclamare" meaning "to exclaim"
21. dixit-3rd person singular perfect indicative active of "dicere" meaning "to talk"
22. sunt-3rd person plural present indicative active of "esse" meaning "to be"
23. sum-1st person singular indicative active of "esse" meaning "to be"
24. venient-3rd person plural future indicative active of "venire" meaning "to come"
25. iungent-3rd person plural future indicative active of "iungere" meaning "to join"

Take Home Test #2-Chapter 14-Part 2

Read Cicero paragraph. Create 6-9 panel Pixton on it, translating it, illustrating it, and using original Latin.
This might not be the best translation...

Take Home Test #2-Chapter 14-Part 1

Parsing S.A-10 Verbs
1. appellavit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "appellare" meaning "to speak to"
2. creavit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "creare" meaning "to create"
3. servat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "servare" meaning "to preserve"
4. trahit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "trahere" meaning "to draw"
5. teneo-1st person singular present active indicative of "tenere" meaning "to hold"
6. habet-3rd person singular present active indicative of "habere" meaning "to hold"
7. potuit-3rd person singular perfect active indicative of "possum" meaning "to be able to"
8. erat-3rd person singular present active indicative of "sum" meaning "to be"
9. vitabit-3rd person singular future active indicative of "vitare" meaning "to avoid"
10. versate-2nd person plural present imperative active of "versare" meaning "to turn"

Riley & Ripple-In the Beginning...

Riley & Ripple-Coming Soon!

Pixton Comic Test!

Emperor Augustus-Biography

Emperor Augustus was the first emperor of Rome who restored unity and orderly government to Rome after almost a century of civil war. He was ruler over an era of peace, prosperity, and cultural achievement known as the Augustan Age.

Augustus was born Gaius Octavius in Rome on September 23, 63 BC. He succeeded his foster father Julius Caesar as the ruler of the Roman state. Casesar liked him, and raised him to the College of Pontifices (a major Roman priesthood) at age 16. When Caesar was assassinated, Octavius was serving in Illyria. When he returned to Italy, he learned that he was Caesar's adopted heir.

Caesar's death put Rome into chaos. Octavian, who wished to avenge his adoptive father and secure his own place, vied with Mark Antony for power and honor. Octavian was made senator and consul while fighting Mark Antony, both militarily and politically.

Octavian wished to settle the dispute, so they both met with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, a general. At this meeting, they formed the Second Triumvirate. To seal the deal they proscribed (ordered the death of) 300 senators and 200 knights that were their enemies. Among the killed was Cicero.

Octavian and Antony then went after the plotters against Caesar, who both committed suicide. Octavian controlled most of the western provinces, Antony controlled most of the eastern provinces, and Lepidus controlled Africa. In 36 BC, the last of the enemies of the Second Triumvirate, Sextus Pompeius, was killed. Octavian then forced Lepidus from power while Antony was busy fighting the Parthians. Antony then married Cleopatra, and recognized Caesarion (Cleopatra's son by Caesar) as her coruler. This was against Octavian's position as the only sonof Caesar. War was unavoidable. He defeated Antony and Cleopatra's forces in a naval fight off of Actium in 31 BC. They both killed themselves the next year, and Caesarion was murdered. At 34, Octavian was the sole ruler of the Roman world.

In 27 BC, the Roman Senate gave Octavian the title Augustus ("consecrated" or "holy"). The Senate gave him a lot of other powers and titles that had been other people's jobs in the republic. He was given the inviolability of the plebeian tribune and received the tribunician power (gave him control over veto and the assemblies). He also had ultimate authority in the provinces. He held the consulship 13 times during his reign which gave him control of Rome and Italy. After the death of Lepidus he became the Pontifex Maximus ("chief priest") with control of religion.

All of these powers put together gave him the title of the princeps, or first citizen.

Augustus was a patron of the arts and was a friend of Ovid, Horace, and Vergil. He also was a friend of the historian Livy. He loved architecture and "found Rome brick and left it marble." He also attempted moral legislation.

His heirs died, one after the other, and his son-in-law Tiberius succeeded him when he died at Nola on August 19, AD 14.

Sources:

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation.

Julius Caesar-Biography

"Veni, vidi, vici!" This phrase (meaning, "I came, I saw, I conquered") was stated by one of the most famous and powerful rulers of all time after he gained a quick military victory in Asia Minor...This man was Gaius Julius Caesar.

Fun Facts:
-No previous Roman leader had held so many powerful positions simultaneously.
-Caesar was known for more than his military prowess. He was known as a great writer, poet, and scholar.
-He was even the first person to issue coinage with him on it.
-The month July he had named after himself (otherwise, the month would be called "Quintilis")
-He began Rome's transition from republic to empire

Caesar was born in Rome, Italy on July 12 or 13, 100 B.C. He died on March 14, 44 B.C. He was a Roman whose dictatorship would lead Rome to becoming an empire. He laid the foundation for the Roman Imperial system.
Julius Caesar was born to a prestigious family that was famous in politics of the time. During his childhood, Caesar witnessed one of the most horrifying decades in the history of Rome. Political takeovers were causing chaos.
Casesar married the duaghter of his Uncle Marius' associate Cornelia, which allied Marius and his associate. He was ordered to divorce her by Sulla, then fled the city with her to avoid harm. He returned to Rome after the resignation of Sulla, but left again to the island of Rhodes. He returned as a more learned person, prepared to run for office. He had been elected to the ponitificate while he was gone. He formed an alliance with Crassus. Caesar was then elected quaestor (magistrate) in 69 BC. He was appointed aedile four years later. He used money from Crassus to sponsor great events and win support. He also used this money to be elected as the pontifex maximus (high priest) of the Roman religion. When his first wife died, Caesar remarried to the grandaughter of Sulla, Pompeia. He left Rome to be governor of Spain and then married again to Calpurnia.
Upon returning to Rome, he joined hte First Triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey. He was later elected consul and governor of three Roman provinces for 5 years.
He then started a campaign against Gaul, France. He defeated Gaul, but when the tribes there united and revolted he faced some problems with their new leader, Vercingetorix. He eventually defeated him after some major setbacks.
When Crassus died, Pompey wished to get rid of Caesar as well. They had political turmoil. Caesar broke the law and crossed the Rubicon with his army. This led to civil war for four years. Caesar crushed Pompey's forces, but Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated. Caesar followed to Egypt and won in war against King Ptolemy XIII. He made Cleopatra queen of Egypt.
In 47 BC he went to Asia Minor, and after a victory used the phrase stated above.
Caesar was appointed dictator for life in 45 BC. He was also made consul for ten years in 45 BC. He then renamed the month Quintilis after himself. He called in July.
He was in total command of the armies, which was the backbone of his power. He then made reforms, including reconstituting the courts, increasing the number of senators, and reforming the calendar.
All of Caesar's honors and power made some senatorial families feel threatened. This led them to hatch a plot to kill Caesar. Gaius Cassius and Marcus Junius Brutus helped with the plot. On March 14, 44 BC, he was killed upon entering a meeting in the senate. At the funeral, Mark Antony angered a few people, who burned Caesar's body in the forum.
His nephew Octavius, who he adopted, was made the first emperor of Rome under the name Augustus.

Sources:
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation.

Derrick's Vocab Quiz-Chapter 14

1. animal-animal
2. aqua-water
3. ars-art
4. auris-ear
5. civis-citizen
6. ius-justice
7. mare-sea
8. mors-death
9. nubes-cloud
10. Roma-Rome

Great Roman Achievements

1. Empire-The first great achievement was obviously the Roman's vast empire. It stretched over 3 continents. It also lasted for a long time. 1101 years...and if the Eastern Roman Empire is included in the number, it would be 2078 years!

2. Army-The Roman Legion was perhaps the most powerful army ever. They were capable of defeating armies much larger than themselves with simple weapons. They had shields, spears, and swords, not tanks, airplanes, battleships, nuclear warfare, etc. like today

3. Modern Cities-The Romans were the founding fathers of many great cities today. Examples include London and Cologne.

4. Great Builders-The Romans were revolutionary builders, engineers, architects. They constructed aqueducts, roads, baths, walls, amphitheaters, temples, arches, cities, palaces, etc. Many of these structures still stand and are used today.

5. Latin-As Rome conquered, their language followed. As the empire collapsed, other languages and empires arose from what was left. Latin gave birth to many other languages, and was the official language of business for a long time.

6. The Alphabet-We use much the same alphabet today as the Romans used, with the additions of the letter "W". Roman numerals are also still used today.

7. Law-Roman law was a great institution. It included the Twelve Tables and the Justinian Code. Rome created many of the laws that we take for granted today. The Romans wrote twelve basic principle laws down on brinze, which came to be known as the Twelve Tables. Later, Emperor Justinian refined many of these laws, which were finished in AD 529 and came to be known as the Justinian Code.

Etymology-25 Words

Latin Italian Spanish French English Meaning
1. amicus amico amigo ami friend
2. liber libro libro livre book
3. tempus tempo tiempo temps time
4. manus mano mano main hand
5. bucca bocca boca bouche mouth
6. caballus cavallo caballo cheval horse
7. filius figlio hijo fils son
8. ille il el le the
9. illa la la la the
10. quattuor quattro cuatro quatre four
11. bonus buono bueno bon good
12. bene bene bien bien well
13. facere fare hacer faire make, do
14. dicere dire decir dire say
15. legere leggere leer lire read
16. unus uno uno un one
17. duo due dos deux two
18. tres tre tres trois three
19. quinque cinque cinco cinq five
20. sex sei seis six six
21. septem sette siete sept seven
22. octo otto ocho huit eight
23. novem nove nueve neuf nine
24. decem dieci diez dix ten
25. undecim undici once onze eleven
26. duodecim dodici doce douze twelve
27. centum cento ciento cent one hundred
28. mille mille mil mille one thousand
29. causa cosa cosa chose
30. finis fine fin fin
31. gens gente gente gent
32. continere continere contener contenir
33. mundus mondo mundo monde
34. dura mente duramente duramente durement
35. claramente chiaramente claramente clairement
36. sola mente solamente solamente seulement
37. cetra mente certamente certamente certainement

Echo and Handsome Narcissus-Comics!

Take-Home Test Chapter 13

Practice and Review
1. The counsels joined neither with you nor with those others.
2. The entire Roman population has let go of its liberty.
3. The bad king has never been able to capture me myself.
4. At that time, you fled to their father and mother through that place
5. The gods create souls and send them into the bodies of men from the sky
6. They themselves have recently conquered him in Asia by themselves.
7. On the way, Cicero saw her doctor, not his own.
8. No one was able to love the bitter duaghter of the consul himself for long.
9. These men joined Cicero with themselves, for they had always loved him.
10. The woman had sent her letter before that time.
11. That man had a good old age, for he had lived well.
12. The mother understood her son well, and the young man thanked her for her patience.
13. Illi autem adulescentes ad Caesarem ipsum heri venerunt.
14. Cicero igitur nomen eius cum suo numquam iunget.
15. Cicero se semper dilexit et tu etiam te diligis
16. Cicero suos laudabat libros et nunclaudo libros meos.
17. Consul Cicero ipse numquam librum eius viderat.

Sententiae Antiquae
1. He himself was hastening to them and sent he horseman ahead of himself.
2. They could do nothing by themselves without him.
3. He recognized his own seal and his own letter from the beginning.
4. Each loves himself, because each is precious to himself by himself.
5. Out of the fault of another, a wise man corrects his own faults.
6. Withdraw into your very self.
7. The very spirit nourishes itself.
8. A laerned man always has riches in himself.

Honor Pledge-Adam Kuester
On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this graded academic work

Latin Help-Two sentences and Verbs

All of Gaul is divided into 3 parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in our third Gaul. All these differ from each other in law, customs, and language.

Incolunt-to be at home
Differunt-to carry apart
Dividit-to divide
Sunt-to be
Pertinent-to stretch out
Gerunt- to bear about
Prohibeo-to hold before
Contendunt-to stretch
Vergit-to bend
Capit-to take in hand

Evils of Rome

1. Slavery-the romans had many slaves. Most of the hard work all over the empire was done in forced labor by slaves. Slaves worked farms, cleaned sewers, and were servants in the wealthy houses. They were owned like they were animals. They could be bought, sold, whipped, and punished by their masters.

2. Bloody Events-when the Romans gathered for events like circuses and chariot races, they gathered for the bloody spectacle. They starved animals and pitted them against each other to tear each other apart. They would have these animals fight people, and people fight others to the death.

3. Insane, Cruel Emperors-Rome had many maniac emperors. Remember the phrase, "power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely." That definitely applies. Brutality was often the order of the day. For some examples, Caligula had his legions collect shells so he could say he conquered the sea. Nero had his mother and wife killed. Septimius Severus had his opponent's dead body laid out in front of him so he could walk over it with a horse.

4. Ordered Suicides-If an emperor wanted to be rid of a particular person, say, a senator, all he had to do was write the senator a letter telling him to kill himself. He could also order someone else to kill that person. Dictator Sulla invented the proscription, by which he would announce who he wanted dead. This would be read in public, and he would reward whoever did the deed.

5. Religious Persecution-Rome kept a brutal enforcement of religion. Several wars were fought with Jews to try to make them worship the Roman gods.

HOSTILE PEOPLES-Trojan War Edition!

HOSTILE PEOPLES

-a warlike people review-

TROJAN WAR PERSPECTIVES

Being a non-baised newspaper, Hostile Peoples like to give the news from all points of view, so people from all over were brought in to be interviewed on the Trojan War. There are Nikolas and Amas, Greek warriors. There is Echemmom, a Trojan warrior. There is Pithana, a Hittite scribe. Finally, there is Koon, a Sea Person. The interviewer is Adamus. The people were interviewed at slightly different times in the war because of travel times between the places.

Nikolas and Amas-Greek Warriors
Adamus: "Hey I'm Adamus, and I'm here to ask you a few questions. First off, why have you chosen to fight this war with the Trojans?"
Nikolas: "I am sent because I am of the city-state that Helen was taken from."
Amas: "I did not get to choose whether or not to fight, I had to. I was of the many people that wished to court Helen, so I was made to swear an oath to protect the rights of her husband should anyone try to take her away. I came from Pylos. I am here to help bring her back, according to my word."
Adamus: "Greece is an area of many divided city-states. How has Agamemnon unified you in spite of this?"
Amas: "That's a hard objective that Agamemnon has accomplished."
Nikolas: "I think he used the common goal and common enemy angle to bring us together. Such a centripetal force has seemed to work out well so far."
Adamus: "You spoke of centripetal forces. Do you know of any other of these forces that is holding the Greek army together against the Trojans?
Nikolas: "Well, we also have a similar cultural identity. We worhsip the same gods, speak the same language, and more like that."
Amas: "I agree. We are similar even down to liking the same kinds of art. This all helps to keep us unified, though sometimes it is hard."
Adamus: "What areas are the warriors you've come to know from?"
Amas: "Well, my companions are from Mycenae, Pylos, Sparta, and Thebes."
Adamus: "And you, Nikolas?"
Nikolas: "My comrades are from Iolkos, Orchomenos, and various islands."
Amas: "People from Greece are coming from all around for this war."
Adamus: "How long has this war lasted and what is the attitude of the army after so much time?"
Nikolas: "Well, it's been well over nine years. This has been a drawn out war, and we are still at a stalemate."
Amas: "The army is starting to fall apart. We aren't unified as much as before anymore. It's becoming hopeless. Many warriors are thinking of traveling home. The people are tired of the constant war."
Adamus: "So you're saying that you're not as much of a hostile people anymore? *chuckle*"
Nikolas: "Yeah, I guess...why?"
Adamus: "It was a joke...That's the name of the newspaper I'm interviewing you for."
Amas: "What's a newspaper?"
Adamus: "That doesn't matter right now...What has kept the war at such a stalemate for so long?"
Nikolas: "The Trojan's walls. They live inside of a walled city. We can't get past them."
Amas: "I think the plan started out that we should just wipe them out, but then we realized they had the walls, so I think the plan now is for siege."
Adamus: "Do you know of any heroes on your side of the war?"
Amas: "Well there's Achilles, Patroclus, the two Ajaxes..."
Nikolas: "...Teucer, Nestor, Odysseus, and Diomedes."
Adamus: "Okay, cool. Well, it's been a good time interviewing you and I hope to see you again." Nikolas: "It's been a pleasure being interviewed."
Amas: "Bye."

Continued on page A9

Echemmom-Trojan Warrior
Adamus: "Hey I'm Adamus, and I'm here to ask you a few questions. First off, why did this war start between you and the Greeks?"
Echemmom: "Well, Paris, prince of Troy, went and wooed Helen. He took her from the husband she was already married to, Menelaus, and brought her back here. That, obviously, angered the Greeks, as it would anyone else. After we refused to give Helen back, the Greeks gathered up their armies and allies to come here. We have now been fighting for almost ten years."
Adamus: "How has Troy survived the siege?"
Echemmom: "Well, we have underground water supplies and stored food, but they are now depleting."
Adamus: "What's with the walls?"
Echemmom: "Well, they keep the Greeks out (the good part) and they keep us almost trapped in (the bad part)."
Adamus: "Do you have any comments about the layers of walls I have been hearing about?"
Echemmom: "Well, Troy has been around for many years, and as it has evolved and as the city has been destroyed, we have just built on top of the remains. That helps make it such a hill. That is also why remains of older, destroyed walls can be seen today. I have a feeling we will continue to do this, as it is to the benefit of the city."
Adamus: "How would you describe this story to others?"
Echemmom: "It is a tale of love and war."
Adamus: "You seem to know a lot about Troy's history. Can you tell me a little about it?"
Echemmom: "Well, it was founded by Ilus, son of Tros, from whom the name of Troy was derived. Ilus' son was Laomedon, and his son is Priam, who is currently ruler of Troy. Priam's son is Paris, who took Helen. Hector, the commander-in-chief of our army, is Paris' brother."
Adamus: "So, how do you think this war will end?"
Echemmom: "Well, and this may just be pride speaking, but the only thing that could defeat us is nature or the gods. I have a feeling we will win, in the end. Our allies our sending us support, as well, so I have a good feeling about it."
Adamus: "What about the heroes of this war?"
Echemmom: "Well, there's Hector, Paris, Helenus, Deiphobus, Aeneas, Sarpedon and Glaucus, Memnon, and Turnus. I also hear that Achilles had abandoned the Greek forces, so that is good news for our ranks."
Adamus: "Who is your favorite and why?"
Echemmom: "Hector, because recently he has accomplished a lot. He smashed the fortification of the Greek camp, and he also set one of the Greek ships on fire."
Adamus: "Wow, so do you believe Hector will come out of the war alive?"
Echemmom: "As long as Achilles is gone, I believe he will live through and lead us to victory as commander-in-chief of the army."
Adamus: "Okay, so-"
Echemmom: "I must leave for battle now. My duty is to my ruler before some...What was it? Newspaper?"
Adamus: "Yes, it's for...Okay, he just left."

A9

Pithana-Hittite Scribe
Adamus: "Hey I'm Adamus, and I'm here to ask you a few questions. For one, where are you from?"
Pithana: "I'm from Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Kingdom. Obviously, we are in Asia Minor. And, before you ask, I have no relation to the Pithana whose successor made Nesa into one of the capitals."
Adamus: "I hear that you're a scribe. Is this true?"
Pithana: "Yes, it is."
Adamus: "Well then, I hear you keep a diplomatic archive of the events going on in the area. Can you describe them to me?"
Pithana: "Well, right now I'm finishing my coverage of the events of the Trojan War with the Greeks. We corresponded with the Greeks for information, but are allies to the Trojans. We use cuneiform and clay tablets. The Greeks won the war, and both their empire and our empire seem to be moving toward a Dark Age. Writings of this is my next project. I hear of a people of the sea coming to do battle. It does not look good for us. That is the project after."
Adamus: "There are different accounts of what ended the war. What do you believe?"
Pithana: "Well, the most common story is that an earthquake brought down the walls of Troy. To be honest, I think that earthquake represents something other than nature. I was sure that the Greeks would win the war before such a thing would happen, even though I rooted for the Trojans. I think the earthquake is representative of a Greek action, but they called it an earthquake to praise Poseidon for his help. I think they must have used something like a horse to help. Possibly hiding inside and being taken inside the gates. They could then attack from inside the city and slaughter. This is just a theory."
Adamus: "Interesting theory. Now, what do you think is the cause of the onset of a Dark Age?"
Pithana: "Well, our empire was unstable and overspecialized. Then the famine hit. Now I hear a Sea People is coming to make war with us. There is a mass migration out of the city. There is civil war. Rivaling claims to the throne are made. This all just adds up."
Adamus: "How has your civilization come to this?"
Pithana: "Well, from Labarna to now, decisions have been made incorrectly. We should have focused on keeping a stable civilization more than specializing. That has caused the famine to take such a toll."
Adamus: "So, do you think Troy will ever be forgotten?"
Pithana: "That is something I am trying to prevent. I don't think Troy will ever be forgotten, though. This has been a long war between huge powers of the area. If my records are never found, then someone else's should be. This war was a big deal. The only thing that should ever be debated is the reason that the war ended. This even I am not sure of. I have no more patience to answer questions for this Newspaper person, so I will leave now and get back to work."
Adamus: "Well, thanks for your time, but I need to complete the most difficult part of my search for knowledge. I need to find a Sea Person."

A10

Koon-Sea Person
Adamus: "Hey I'm Adamus, and I journeyed from afar to ask you a few questions. It took some searching, but now I finally can sit down for the last portion of my article. For one, a newspaper is something that has the news all written down in many pages of paper. Every single person I have interviewed so far has had no clue. Just shake your head and pretend you understand..."
Koon: "Okay..." *nod, nod*
Adamus: "Now we can get to the questions. First, where are you all mostly from and why have you caused such a collapse of society in the Hittite Empire?"
Koon: "We are of many people from all over. Most of us are displaced Mycenaeans, though. We are invaders of Asia Minor and Syria. We conquer and control. The Hittite Empire fell to us as the Egyptians will."
Adamus: "You seem very confident. How can you be so sure you will defeat Ramses III and his forces?"
Koon: "Well, they are already weak from the war with the Libyans, and we are strong."
Adamus: "You have been called a symptom of the dissolve of the Hittite Empire. Any comments?"
Koon: "Good, intimidation will help us. We invaded the Hittite Empire in a time of their weakness, and overcame easily."
Adamus: "Do you ever regret what you do or consider it as morally wrong?"
Koon: "Well, we are a seafaring, raiding, bandit people. What do you expect?"
Adamus: "Do you spend more time on the sea or on land?"
Koon: "We spend more time on the land, but we attack from the sea whenever we can."
Adamus: "The Egyptians are keeping records of your progress. They call you a foreign people that cut off where you are attacking, and then destroy the places one at a time. Could this have been the reason you are known as Sea Peoples? You surround and make an island, then attack."
Koon: "Well, I don't think so, but possibly."
Adamus: "Well, the Egyptians also say that no land can stand before your arms. Again, any comments?"
Koon: "Well, that is exactly the impression we like to make and that is exactly what we have done so far..."
Adamus: "Rumors say that you are part of the cause of the fall of the Mycenaean city-state. Is this true?"
Koon: "We may have had a hand in it, but why should I tell you?"
Adamus: "I guess, 'for the name of literature', wouldn't be a good answer?"
Koon: "No...You know, we are the reason of the onslaught in the Mediterranean? Why would you dare to come into our camp for some writings on paper? You would risk your life for such a cause?"
Adamus: "My life and my job, sir. I also thought I'd be the one asking the questions..."
Koon: "You'd better run, if you value your life..."
Adamus: "How long have I got?"
Koon: "I'll give you a few minutes before my men come after you...Go!"
Adamus: "Well then, I'd better go..."

And so he did, but he was captured by the Sea Peoples. Their only record said that they captured him while he was still writing down the story. The work has survived because of the Egyptians triumph over the Sea Peoples. They saw to it that the writings were returned safely.

A11

Echo and Handsome Narcissus

Narcissus was a pretty boy. Many girls love him; He loved none out of that. If alone, he loves himself and life, and drives into the forest. For a long time, the nymph Echo has loved Narcissus, but nevertheless he was able to talk to his friends; he is able to give back one other final word. If Narcissus calls, "Are you here?", Echo calls , "Here." If that man "Where are you?"Come!", he calls, that woman "Come!", calls. But Narcissus did not come from himself, and Echo, therefore, did not live for a long time. He wholly lost his body; however we now hear his voice also.

Meanwhile, Narcissus sees his image in a pool of water and is not able to move away his eyes. He was overcome by great love for himself. Time flies; Narcissus remains there. They were not able to come upon his friend. Before himself in the pool of water, where that man exists, now is a pretty flower. This name is perpetual in Narcissus.

Humans ought not love themselves too much.

Ancient Olympics!

The ancient Olympic Games, one of the four great national festivals of ancient Greece. The other three are the Isthmian Games, the Pythian Games, and the Nemean Games. The Olympics is the most famous of the four. The ancient Olympic Games were held in the summer every four years. They took place in the sanctuary of the god Zeus at Olympia. The history of the games date back to 776 B.C.

Early in the history of the Games, envoys were sent throughout all of Greece. They were sent to the various city-states to gather participants to pay tribute to Zeus. The city-states dispatched groups to fight for the splendor with their athletic feats. The only people allowed to participate were honorable men of Greek descent.

The order if events is not known with certainty, but the first day of the festivak was a day of sacrifices. The second day was occupied by footraces. On the other days boxing, wrestling, and the pancratium (a combination of the two) took place. Horse racing was a popular event, but was confined to the wealthy, who had to use their own horses. After the horse racing was the pentathlon, a series of 5 events (wrestling, discus throwing, javelin hurling, long jumping, and sprinting). The closing event was a race run in armor.

The victors were awarded crowns of wild olive. The victors often lived the rest of their lives at public expense. They were also celebrated by poets.

The height of the ancient Olympic Games was reached in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. In circa 393 A.D. the Roman Emperor Theodosius I suppressed them. The concept of the Olympic Games was revived in the 18oos.

The graphic is the stadium at Olympia.

Vocab Quiz Chapter 13

1. divitiae-riches
2. factum-deed
3. signum-sign
4. ipse-myself
5. quisque-each one
6. sui-himself
7. doctus-learned
8. fortunatus-fortunate
9. suus-his own
10. nam-for
11. ante-before
12. olim-once
13. alere-to nourish

Etruscan Influence on Rome

The Etruscans had a great social, cultural, and political influence on early Rome. This seafaring people brought their language, religion, etc. to northern Italy. Tomb paintings provide insight into the culture of the Etruscans. The skill of the Etruscans at urban planning, engineering, and waterworks all had a deep influence on Rome. Building city walls, engineering the Forum, creating the great drain to the Tiber River, using temple decorations, etc. were all thought to occur becuase of Etruscan influence. Hierarchy and symbols of military authority in Rome were also influenced by the Etruscans. This led to the fasces, a bundle of rods surrounding an axe. The Olympian gods were also in the array of gods of the Etruscans. Since Etruscans cities had disputes, the Etruscans could not unite against a common enemy. This led to fact that the Greek colonies of southern Italy and Sicily defeated the Etruscans in a sea battle. This led to the decline of the Etruscans.

On the map, the Etruscans are in red.

Kings of Rome (Part 2)

Ancus Marcius-fourth king of Rome: Ancus was a highly religious grandson of Numa. He ruled from 640 to 617 BC. He founded the port of Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber River.
Tarquinius Priscus-fifth king of Rome: Tarquinius was a favorite of King Ancus, which led to him being Ancus' successor. He ruled between 616 and 579 BC. He drained the marshes between the hills and helped create the Roman Forum.
Servius Tullius-sixth king of Rome: His rule lasted from 578 to 535 BC. He organized the Roman army into groups of 100 men called centuries. He was said to have built a new wall around the city.
Lucius Tarquinus Superbus(Tarquin the Proud)-seventh king of Rome: He was the cruel seventh king of Rome. He was expelled in 510 BC after his son raped Lucretia. Lucretia was a virtuous Roman matron and the wife of his kinsman Collatinus.

Kings of Rome (Part one)

Romulus-first king of Rome: He founded Rome with Remus in 753 BC, then killed him after he jumped over the wall he made. Romulus invited the Sabines (a people east of the Tiber River) into Rome for a festival. He then kidnapped the Sabine women to provide the wives necessary to make Rome's population grow.
Numa Pompilius-second king of Rome: He was a Sabine who was especially devout to religion. He had a peaceful reign. Many religious traditions of Rome are attributed to him (like having no Romans work on days of festivals of the gods). His reign lasted from 715 to 673 BC.
Tullus Hostilius-third king of Rome: His reign lasted from 672 to 641 BC. Tullus was warlike and started to conquer and expand Rome. When he got the plague the people thought it was a punishment for neglecting the gods. They therefore named Ancus Marcius as the new king

Indo-European Languages

dark green-countries with a majority of speakers of Indo-European languages
light green-countries with an Indo-European minority language with official status

-the most widely spoken family of languages in the world.

-contains the subfamilies Albanian, Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Indo-Iranian, Italic (includes the Romance languages), Slavic, Anatolian (extinct), and Tocharian (extinct).

-about 1.6 billion people speak Indo-European languages today.

-has a close relationship to Sanskrit and Greek

-originally was highly inflected, but there has been an inflection decay