Chapters 1-12 Vocab Test-Cumulative

1. Adulescens-young man
2. Asia-Asia
3. mater-mother
4. pater-father
5. principium-in the beginning
6. pro-before
7. nuper-recently
8. cado-to create
9. caput-head
10. nemo-not any
11. tu-you
12. idem-the same
13. carus-dear
14. neque-and not
15. bene-well
16. intellego-to understand
17. sentio-to feel
18. amicitia-friendship
19. hora-hour
20. senectus-old age
21. veritas-truth
22. voluptas-pleasure
23. quoniam-inasmuch as
24. audire-to hear
25. dicere-to call
26. fugere-to flee
27. invenio-to come upon
28. locus-place
29. studium-eagerness
30. ille-that
31. alius-another
32. neuter-not either
33. solus-alone
34. ullus-other
35. uter-either
36. in-into
37. Cicero-Cicero
38. frater-brother
39. liberitas-liberty
40. scriptor-writer
41. victoria-victory
42. ad-to
43. tamen-nevertheless
44. demonstro-to demonstrate
45. docere-to teach
46. gerrere-to carry on
47. traho-to draw
48. amor-love
49. civitas-citzenship
50. homo-human being
51. littera-letter
52. nomen-name
53. regina-queen
54. tempus-time
55. uxor-wife
56. virtutis-manliness
57. post-after
58. audere-to dare
59. dea-goddess
60. insidiae-plot

I'm a Curator-Part 2

The sixth picture shows a floor mosiac. This was made around the second half of the 4th century A.D.

The seventh picture shows the Tetrarches. These were made around 305 A.D.

The eighth picture shows an emperor. This was made from 361 to 363 A.D.

The ninth picture shows a Sarcophagus of Volusia. It was made around the early third century A.D.

The last picture shows a Roman glass. This was made around the late third to early fourth century A.D.

I'm a Curator-Part 1

Welcome to the Museum of Old Stuff! I will be giving you a short tour of late Roman Empire art, cause that's what they pay/tell me to do.

The first picture is of Mithras slaying the Sacred Bull. This marble sculpture was originally made around the 3rd century A.D.

The second picture is a bronze hand. This hand bears symbols of the Roman mystery cult of Dionysis.

The third picture shows a sculpture of Emperor Caraclla. It is a portrait bust in military garb.

The fourth picture shows a silver censer. It shows Gospel scenes

The fifth picture shows fragments of a statue of Constantine. This was made anytime from 313-330 A.D.

St. Augustine Post

Augustine was standing at the bow of the trireme, a gift from one of his most dedicated listeners. He had been preaching afar and was returning home with a smile of his face, though his ailment tolled him so. He could taste the salt in the air and it reminded him of the swift winds that blew in Hippo, his homeland. He had finally made it home. He decided he would praise in the temple when he returned to thank God for his surviving his sickness so far. It had been bad enough this time it forced him to return home. Land was spotted.
Within the hour he was on land again and from there he found transport home. The day was long and he had rested a time before he made his way to the temple. On his way he thought he saw dark beings on the horizon, but he disregarded it as a hallucination. As he opened the large double doors of the temple his aching bones creaked. He coughed and pain seared through his inflamed chest. He had decided he would need some time to himself to pray, so he threw a 2 x 4 on the hooks on the door to lock it.
Just as he kneeled to pray someone ran up to him from a passageway in the temple. He must have been in before Augustine locked the doors. He huffed and puffed from his run. He then gathered his wits and spoke. "Father, help, please."
"What is it you need?", inquired Augustine.
"My friend is ill and I believe you can cure him." was the reply
"I'm not sure I can, m' boy. If I could cure people I would have done so to myself by now. "
"I was told in a dream to come to you for help", stated the worried man.
Augustine now knew what to do. He stood up and was led to the worried man's sick friend. "Thank you so much", he said. "By the way, my name is Adam. My friend is Francis."
Along the walk to Francis, both Augustine and Adam thought they might have heard marching and low screams from afar, but they waved it away as little nothings in their ears. They looked at the weapons hanging on the walls and Augustine sighed. He had tried to convince the clergymen to take them down, but they just kept putting them up. When they arrived Augustine laid his hands on Francis, who looked very ill and shaken. He was bright red all over and unconscious. Augustine closed his eyes and recited the Lord's Prayer 7 times. When finished, he raised his hands. The man was looking normal again and woke up.
All were amazed, but there was little time for excitement. There was a large thumping sound from the corridor they had come from.
Augustine quickly started away to figure out the source of the noise and Adam and Francis followed. He took down a broadsword form the wall and casually walked with it to the source of the noise, the front door. He sensed danger. Adam and Francis felt it too and grabbed one-handed axes from the dusty stone walls.
This brought back to Augustine thoughts about his horrible past…
He had been the worst child a mother could know, he had done worse things than one could imagine, he had been completely horrible. He stole, he lied, he cheated, the whole 9 yards…It came to mind because he was fairly experienced with such weaponry because of these deeds.
Thank God for his mother, who prayed for him day and night the whole time…her prayers eventually came true. Augustine saw the light…
He so hoped that his fears were not true. He had heard of the Vandals pillaging and purging the area of everything, burning the cities to the ground and slaughtering all in it. He knew they were somewhat close, but they should not have arrived yet…
He would need to open a door to his terrible past, but he was afraid he would unleash something far worse than any Vandal.
They arrived at the door and it was being beaten in. They readied for the attack.
The door came down in the temple as the companions inside came down upon the Vandals. The Vandals were armed with spears, javelins, and for the elite, long swords.
Francis slashed down the closest Vandal with one swift swing, but did not regain balance in time and was taken by an elite, who took his head clean off.
Adam faired a little better, taking down two before being surrounded. He gave a valiant effort, but one axe against three javelins did no good.
During this time, Augustine had taken down 5 men and was continuing on his onslaught. He decided he was doing this for the temple, and all the religious books it contained.
Augustine stabbed one man arm and told him to leave before he was hurt even more. The man didn't listen and within seconds had a severed arm and a gash across his back. The blood flowed like the Nile. Not just because of what Augustine did to the Vandals, but what the Vandals reeked upon the city.
Augustine was regaining a thirst for such excitement. He searched out the closest elite and challenged him. For every attack of Augustine's, there was a parry by the elite. Longsword to longsword the battle was heated. Augustine faked a thrust to the left and jabbed at the right, finding a mark just below the Vandals heart. He thrust inward the elite fell. He pulled up the other sword and roared.
Augustine was crazed. The blood was as precious as ruby jewelry. He wanted more…more…
He would need some way to justify his actions, though, if he survived. He would tell them he was trying to save the town, that's it. He would look out the Vandal leader to finish it (although he wanted it to never end).
He boldly walked towards the leader, who was marked by armor far better than the rest and weaponry above all the others. The leader was atop a hill, surveying the field and aiding in the battle at the same time.
Augustine wiped the smeared blood of his swords on the ground and wiped the sweat from his face. His weak bones hesitated for a second, and cramped. He wasn't as young as before. He would probably not win this battle, but he would fight with honor.
He walked up to the leader and twirled his swords. The leader gave a gruff laugh and drew two javelins. The leader has distance, but eventually Augustine shattered the two staffs of the javelins. The leader drew a spear and a longsword, and slashed Augustine across his hip and side. Augustine beat the man across the face with the broad of one of his swords and toppled him. He crossed his swords in a X across the neck of the leader and prepared to do off with his head.
Suddenly a pain seared through Augustine above all others. A sword could be seen through his stomach. The acid spilled out from it and scorched his innards. Blood flowed from his wounds and his limp body fell over the incredulous leader.
The Vandals finished their assault and moved on, leaving a battlefield spewed with dark speckled blood and dead bodies.
Augustine's lifeless body laid with white knuckles from his grip of the swords, and he rigor mortised in that position. He was found with foam at his mouth…

Links for info:
"When did the Vandals first exist and what weapons did they use?"Online Posting. 1 Dec. 2008. Yahoo Answers. 14 Dec. 2008. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081130150746AAe4KyN
O'Donnel, James. "St. Augustine of Hippo." Wikipedia. 14 Dec. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine_of_Hippo

15 Paradigm Test Chapter 12

PRESENT
laudavi
laudavisti
laudavit
laudavimus
laudavistis
laudaverunt

monui
monuisti
monuit
monuimus
monuistis
monuerunt

egi
egisti
egit
egimus
egistis
egerunt

audivi
audivisti
audivit
audivimus
audivistis
audiverunt

cepi
cepisti
cepit
cepimus
cepistis
ceperunt

PLUPERFECT
laudaveram
laudaveras
laudaverat
laudaveramus
laudaveratis
laudaverant

monueram
monueras
monuerat
monueramus
monueratis
monuerant

egeram
egeras
egerat
egeramus
egeratis
egerant

audiveram
audiveras
audiverat
audiveramus
audiveratis
audiverant

ceperam
ceperas
ceperat
ceperamus
ceperatis
ceperant

FUTURE PERFECT
laudavero
laudaveris
laudaverit
laudaverimus
laudaveritis
laudaverint

monuero
monueris
monuerit
monuerimus
monueritis
monuerint

egero
egeris
egerit
egerimus
egeritis
egerint

audivero
audiveris
audiverit
audiverimus
audiveritis
audiverint

cepero
ceperis
ceperit
ceperimus
ceperitis
ceperint

Crossword Score-4

Engineering Achievements

Since the beginning of the civilization, Rome has made great strides in the field of engineering. Romans constructed bridges across the Tiber River. They also made aqueducts to ensure Rome's supply of water. Romans created sewers and drainage systems to drain the Forum and keep the city healthy. These were all amazing feats at the time.

Another amazing feat is that Rome was the first place to construct roads. They then connected the Empire further by creating such pathways. These roadways were so well designed that they still are around today.

This all supports the arguement that Rome's greatest acheivement has been in the field of engineering.

Unfortunate and Abnormal Births

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Dionysus-Dionysus was born from the very thigh of his father, Zeus. This occurred after Zeus' lightning consumed Dionysus' mother, Semele.

Hades-As soon as Hades was born, he was consumed by his father. His father Kronos thought that his children would try to overthrow him and therefore ate all his children except Zeus, who was hidden from him.

Hephaestus-Hephaestus was born from Hera without intercourse with Zeus. Hera then saw how Hephaestus was a cripple, and was ashamed. She cast him down from the heavens. Hephaestus eventually gained revenge.

Zeus-When Zeus was born, Rhea hid him from Kronos. She wrapped a blanket around a rock which Kronos thought was Zeus and which Kronos ate.

Chapter 12 S.A. #1-11

1. In the beginning God created the heavens and earth; and God created humans.
2. In triumphal procession Caesar has displayed that placard: "I came, I saw, I conquered"
3. He has lived as long as he has lived well.
4. The young man wishes to live for a long time; the old man has lived long time.
5. This man has lived for a long time, but for a long time he was.
6. Whee, you consider the beautiful!
7. Sophocles has made tragedies up to extreme old age.
8. They did not pour forth this money alone but even in front of the fatherland.
9. The Romans had Reges from the beginning: liberty gave the Romans Lucius Brutus
10. However, under Caesar liberty was lost.
11. When liberty falls, nobody will dare to speak freely.

Vocab Quiz Chapter 12

1. Adulescens-young man
2. Annus-year
3. Mater-mother
4. Medicus-doctor
5. Pater-father
6. Patientia-patience
7. Principium-beginning
8. Acerbus-harsh
9. Amitto-to lose
10. Cado-to fall
Bonus: Creo-to create

A Gift Bearing Greeks

In Asia there was a great city, Troy. There lived the king Priam. Paris, the son of that man, took the beautiful Greek woman Helen. Because of that crime many Greeks came up to Asia and they were waging a bitter war for a long time with the Trojans. However, they had not been able to overcome the wall of the city. But then Epeus, one out of the Greeks, that man gave counsel: "If we make a great wooden horse and we will give to the Trojans, we go to be able to conquer: the Greeks truly conceal in the horse."
"He does not teach well," called a Greek and that man made an ambush without delay. After the battle Aeneas, leader of the Trojans, called, "We see no abundance in horses; we lead it into the city." Therefore, the Greeks were able to conquer. Bad fortune was perceived beforehand and they fleed out of our city.

Heroes-Herakles, Perseus, Theseus

Herakles was an Argonaut who left the expedition after losing his friend Hylas. Herakles showed much prowess against beasts and animals. His most difficult are named the 12 labors. Herakles died, but his father Zeus gave him a place on Mount Olympus anyway.

Perseus was the son of Zeus and slayer of Medusa, a Gorgon. Perseus rescued Andromeda, who became his wife, on the way home from this adventure. Perseus accidentally killed his grandfather, which fulfilled a prophecy.

Theseus slew the minotaur, but on his way home he made a horrible mistake. He forgot to fly the white sails of victory. His father, Aegeus, seeing black sails, killed himself, thinking that Theseus was dead. The Aegean Sea is believed to be named after his father because that is where he drowned himself.

Perseus and Pergasus

What if Perseus had tamed Pegasus after it sprang from the neck of the slain Medusa? What would have become of Bellerophon, who had an obsession with taming the beast? We begin with the slaying of Medusa…

Perseus watched as Medusa's decapitated head slid off her body. He put the Gorgon's head in his bottomless wallet and began to walk away, but as he did heard a faint neighing. He turned to see a white, winged horse stretching its wings and standing for the first time. It seemed to have sprang from the neck of the dead Medusa. This was strange. Perseus easily caught the beast and put it in his bottomless wallet as well. He intended to make it his own.

Perseus' story continues as before. He rescues Andromeda, they get married, he accidentally kills his grandfather. There is one minor difference. Every day at the time when the sun is at its highest, Perseus trains the winged beast (he named it Pergasus, partly after himself) at the foot of mount Olympus. He plans on flying to the gods at the top of the mountain.

Perseus tames the horse. He then trains it to obey him, taking off on command, turning on command. Perseus is proud of himself. He decides in that moment of pride to abandon his winged shoes on the bottom of the mountain. He decides that he will not need them any more. The next day, he plans to make his ascent.

Bellerophon, who has been stalking Perseus and observing him, finds the winged sandals. He plots to stop Perseus and make the ascent himself. Bellerophon has had a burning obsession with taming the horse, and every once in a while sneaks into Perseus' stable and talks to the horse. He now knows what he will do…

Perseus equips himself with all of the weapons and other items he had with him for his fight with Medusa. He plans to offer them to the gods, before he makes his journey. He burns all of the items, except his wallet and his sword, because they wouldn't catch fire. He decides to offer the wallet personally and to leave the sword. On command, Pergasus rises and takes flight. Perseus decides to take it easy in the beginning and move slowly.

Perseus spies a white dot below him getting bigger and bigger. Perseus had played right into Bellerophon's trap. He had even given him a sword that couldn't be bent or broken. Bellerophon reached the height of the Pergasus. Perseus begins to ask who he is and why he has his stuff when Bellerophon attacks. Perseus senses this and urges Pergasus higher. Bellerophon misses his target and plunges the sword deep into the side of Pergasus. They plummet toward the earth.

As they both hit the ground, the dead body of Pergasus lands on the incredulous-faced Bellerophon, crushing him instantly. Perseus begins to laugh. His wallet lands on the ground, empty. He stares at it curiously. He could have sworn he still had something in the wallet…What was it again?

Medusa's decapitated head lands on the ground in front of him. He turns to stone before he even realizes what had happened...


In this story, the gods have turned their back on Perseus. He had taken the beast of Poseidon which was intended for Bellerophon and had used it as his own. He had also abandoned the winged sandals of Hermes. He then dared to try to reach the top of Mount Olympus of his own accord. Living on Mount Olympus is a privilege only the gods possess and can give. Bellerophon was wronged, but was malicious. He had grown crazed in his obsession. The gods figured "two birds with one stone."

What a time for the gods to use proverbs...

Chapter 10 Test part 2

Nisus and Euryalus
Aeneas was leading the Trojans against the Rutulians. While it was night and the troops were sleeping, the leaders of the Trojans of the camps were having a planning session. Nisus and Euryalus, Trojan youth, dared to come. "Oh great men", says Nisus, "if you send Euryalus with me to the Rutulian camp, not only will we kill many men, but we will also snatch much loot out of that; for sleep has them." I praise the spirit and the courage of these rough youth!' called out Ilius, the son of Aneas. "Good-bye!"

Now Nis and Euryalus come into the camp of the Rutulians. They kill one, then many others. Euryalus antches a decoration, the other helmet. With that loot they flee. But Volcens, the leader of the Rutulians, sees those Trojans and calls the other Rutulians. The splendor of that helmet leads them to Euryalus. Nisus sees this danger and dares to protect his friend. He kills Volcen, but before that he kills Euryalus. Then they overcome the other Nisus; that body falls on top of the body of Euryalus.

Vergilius writes this whole story and these Trojans get perpetual fame.

Aurora and Tithonus
the goddess Aurora was loving Tithonus, a handsome hero. Therefore, she goes to Jupiter: "Oh king of hte gods", she says, "hear me!" My Tithonus is not a god; after a few years he will come to old age. If you will give that man perpetual life, I will always praise you." Foolish Aurora! You do not see the great danger of that gift. Jupiter gives Tithonus immortality, but that man, as long as he lives, he grows old. Time flies: Aurora is beutiful, Tithonus is not handsome. The body is no longer well,it is wrinkled and bent; his wisdom in spirit does not remain. What will Aurora do? Will she be able to restore the form of Tithonus? She thinks and takes consultation: Oh Tithouns, my love! You will change into a cricket; then you are able to bable wihtout blame. You live in that cage, I always love you."

Test Chapter 10-part 1

Present, Future, Imperfect of Audire-to hear

audio
audis
audit
audimus
auditis
audiunt

audiam
audies
audiet
audiemus
audietis
audient

audiebam
audiebas
audiebat
audiebamus
audiebatis
audiebant

Perseus~Slayer of Medusa!

In Greek mythology, Perseus was the hero who slayed the Gorgon Medusa. Perseus was the son of Zeus, and the grandson of the king of Argos, Acrisius. Acrisius was warned that he would be killed by his grandson, and he cast Perseus an his mother into the sea. They drifted to Seriphus where Perseus grew to manhood and was eventually sent away by Polydectes (king of Seriphus). Polydectes feared that Perseus might interfere with his plans and gave him a mission to bring back the head of the Gorgon Medusa, whose glance could turn men to stone.

Aided by Hermes, the messenger god, Perseus used winged sandals, a magic wallet, an invisibility cap, a sword that couldn't be broken, and a shield that could protect him form being turned to stone. Perseus found Medusa, killed her, put her head in his bottomless wallet, used the invisibility cap to get away from the other Gorgons, and used the winged sandals to fly towards home.

On his way home, Perseus rescued the princess Andromeda from being sacrificed to a sea monster. He then wed her. Once home, Perseus used Medusa's head to turn Polydectes to stone and saved his mother. They all returned to Greece, where Perseus accidentally killed his grandfather Acrisius, fulfilling the prophecy.

Perseus achieved his kleos for his heroic deeds.

Aurora and Tithonus

The goddess Aurora loved Tithonus, a handsome hero. Therefore, she came to Jupiter: " Oh king of the gods," she says, "hear me! My Tithonus was not a god; a few years afterwards he will come to old age. If you will give the perpetual life to this man, I will always praise you." Foolish Aurora! You do not see the great danger of that gift. Jupiter gave Tithonus immortality, but that man, as long as he lives, he will grow old. He flees time; now pretty Aurora, Tithonus is not handsome. The body wrinkled and bent, he is no longer well; wisdom in spirit does not remain. What does Aurora accomplish? Will she be able to restore the form of Tithonis? She thinks and takes consultation: "Oh Tithonus, my love! You change into a cricket; then you will be able to babble without fault. You live from this woman in a cage, and you I always love."

Nisus and Euryalus

Aeneas lead the Trojans against the Rutulians. As long as it was night and the troops were sleeping , they were holding the leader of the Trojans in camp planning session. Beside these men Nisus and Euryalus, Trojan youth, dare to come. "Oh, great men". Says Nisus, "if you all send me with Euryalus beside the camp of the Rutulians, not alone we will kill many humans, but also much loot we snatch out of those camps; those truly have sleep." "I praise the spirits and courage of the rough youth!", Iulus exclaimed, that son of Aeneas. "Good-bye!"
Now Nisus and Euryalus come into the camp of the Rutulians. They kill one, then many another. Euryalus snatches one decoration, the other helmet. With this loot they flee. But Volcens, the leader of the Rutulians, saw those Trojans and another Rutulus call. He leads those men beside brightness that the helmets. Nisus sees and dares this man into danger to preserve the friend. He killed Volcens, but before that he killed Euryalus. Then they vanquished the other, Nisus; this man falls on top of the body of Euryalus.
By the tale of the woman Vergilius writes and by the Trojans he ought to the tale is perpetual.

The Incomparable Value of Friendship

I am able to compare nothing with friendship; man says they give nothing. Some give money; others sane body; others fame and glory; others pleasure-but these men excessively wander, since those women are uncertain and out of fortune they come, not out of wisdom. Friendship, in fact, out of wisdom and love and good death and virtue comes; without virtue friendship is not able to be. If you have no friends, you have the life of a tyrant; if you come upon a true friend, your life is happy.

Chapter 10 S.A.

1. Avoid the desire of money and glory.
2. I shall accomplish my duty.
3. Your fame and the life of your sons will come into danger tomorrow.
4. Life is not to live, but to have power.
5. I always begin to always call the great with fear.
6. If you lead me, Muse, I shall take the great crown with praise.
7. Live mindful of death, flee the hour.
8. Seize, friends, the opportunity of the hour.
9. Few come to old age.
10. But flee, meanwhile, flee the time.
11. They will come upon the way fate.
12. Good true nature, not rank, it makes.
13. Compliance produces friends; truth produces hate.

Vocab Quiz Chapter 9

1. amicitia-friendship
2. cupiditas-desire
3. hora-hour
4. natura-nature
5. senectus-old age
6. timor-fear
7. veritas-truth
8. via-way
9. voluptas-pleasure
10. beatis-happy
11. audire-to listen
12. capio-to take
13. facio-to make, do

Chapter 9 Test part 2- S.A. odd and Laocoon and the Trojan horse

S.A.
1. Where am I able to see the famous women now?
3. I give the palm branch of victory to this counsel.
5. Only this man is able to assist.
7. These men truly think about the ruin of this state and the entire world.
9. No alone outcome leads to this-that schoolmaster is foolish!-but even with judgement.

Laocoon and the Trojan Horse
The greek were waging war with the Trojans. The great wooden horse they left behind under the Trojan city gate at night. The Trojans the horse there. "The Greeks dedicate a horse to Minerva", they said. "If we shall lead the gift of the Greeks into the goddess' temple, we shall have peace and live with good fortune." But Laocoon, the great priestess of courage and wisdom, dares to advise the people: "You think without reason, oh Trojans! If they are adundant in the horse, we are in great danger. You ought never to trust the Greeks, for Greeks are always deceitful." Then he hit the horse with a spear. Minerva' anger is great; the goddess sends two serpents oout from the sea. Oh, unfortunate Laocoon! The two evil serpent sons strike you and strangle you! The Trojans are afraid of the goddess; they lead the horse into the city. The reason of Laocoon teaches nothing to the Trojans.

Chapter 9 Test part 1-paradigms

ille-that

Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative ille illa illud

genitive illius illius illius

dative illi illi illi

accusative illum illam illud

ablative illo illa illo



Plural

nominative illi illae illa

genitive illorum illarum illorum

dative illis illis illis

accusative illos illas illa

ablative illis illis illis



hic-this

singular Masculine Feminine Neuter

nominative hic haec hoc

genitive huius huius huius

dative huic huic huic

accusative hunc hanc hoc

ablative hoc hac hoc

plural

nominative hi hae haec

genitive horum harum horum

dative his his his

accusative hos has haec

ablative his his his

Augustus to Nero

Augustus-the single most important figure in Roman history; put an end to the advancing decay of the Republic and provided a new basis for government; he negotiated the dangerous seas of the last part of the Roman Revolution with skill and foresight

Tiberius-his reign is an important one for the Principate (formed by Augustus); his reign abounded in contradictions; he oversaw no new conquest

Gaius (Caligula)-he has the most poorly documented reign of the Julio-Claudian dynasty; Gaius was a crazed megalomaniac given to harebrained schemes; he had his co-heir killed within the first few months of Tiberius' death so that he could take the throne

Claudius I-In an age that despised weakness, Claudius was at a disadvantage; he limped, drooled, stuttered, and was constantly ill; Claudius' reign was a mixture of successes and failures

Nero-one of the worst emperors of all; he reigned more than three times as long as Gaius; Nero was a great persecutor of Christians

Pictures of the Pantheon

THE PANTHEON

Chapter 9 S.A. 2-9, optional exercises 5-19

S.A.
2. This man leads that maiden into marriage.
3. I give the palm branch of victory to this plan.
4. We truly love the courage of that man.
5. Only you are able to help this man.
6. The penalty will alleviate any of this disease of the state, but the danger will always remain.
7. Those, in fact, think down from the exit those states and the whole circle of the world.
8. None are either place human in this land.
9. You teach not alone this event.

Optional Exercises
5. These men will lead (lead, were leading) the entire state.
6. That man will see (sees, saw) these things in that land.
7. In that book he will write (I shall write, I was writing) those things about this.
8. One man is leading (will lead) those forces into this land
9. The schoolmaster gives these things to the other boy.
10. We are writing (will write) this book about another war.
11. The whole country thanks (will thank, was thanking) this man alone.
12. They are now giving their entire attention to that plan.
13. The friends of this man will save this state by that plan.
14. The other friend will lead entire life in another land.
15. This man alone was able to warn me about the faults of this tyrant.
16. You had no forces in the other land.
17. Those men alone see no dangers in this plan.
18. You dare to praise not only the character but also the treachery of that man.
19. Truly, on account of the treachery of one man this state was not strong.

Vocab 9 Quiz

1. locus-place
2. morbus-sickness
3. studium-eagerness
4. hic-this
5. ille-that
6. iste-that of yours
7. alius-another
8. alter-the other
9. neuter-neither
10. nullus-none
11. solus-alone
12. totus-whole
13. ullus-any
14. unus-one
15. uter-either
16. anum-another

Cicero on the Ethics of Waging War

State war ought not to wage without good cuase or because of anger. If we are able to defend our fortune and fields and population without war, then we ought to maintian peace; if, however, we are not able to save and preserve our liberty and country without war, war is a necessity. We always ought to demonstrate, nevertheless, great service in war, and great mercy after victory.

Roman and Athenian Voting Practices, Conclusion

Athens 5th century BCE

Successive reforms turned Athens in to the 1st democracy. This democracy could be divided into 3 or 4 branches, depending on how you look at it:the assembly(the people), the Council of 500(Athenian Congress), Athenian juries, and sometimes people mention the executive branch. The participants in these branches were all chosen by the people. Only male citizens were allowed to vote and voting was conducted by a showing of hands. To keep politicians in their place, the techinique of ostracism was used. This was a sort of state-wide impeachment where people used shards of broken pottery as "voting ballots" to express the person they wished to exile for ten years. No more democratic form of government had ever been formed where citizens have an oppurtunity in every branch to voice their opinion. Athens bequeaths democracy to modern society. Two people mainly responsible for this are Ephialtes and Pericles.

Roman Republic

Rome established a more representative form of government known as the Roman Republic. Much of Roman history lies shrouded in obscurity because evidence at times was deliberately
suppressed and falsified. Despite this fact, there is a solid core of information to support the institution of the plebeian tribunate. Plebeians were the commoners of Rome. Plebeians could elect officers to defend their rights. They could now vote and decide who they wanted to represent them. These representatives could forbid acts that the plebeians were against. If anyone went against the representative, they became an outlaw and were liable to be killed by plebeians. The tribunes were able to veto acts of most, but could not veto a dictator's choice. Because of this sought after power of veto, the position in the tribunate was wanted avidly. This makeshift office gained much power. There also existed other branches composed of consuls and magistrates in this period.

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was an imperial bureaucracy. This means that it relates to an empire and its ruler and its structure as a government. At first there were triumvirates. That meant that were was a ruling system of 3 equal individuals who were in a way co-emperors. Eventually Rome was ruled by emperors (emperors rule empires like kings rule kingdoms, get it?). The people had no real say in what happened or what choices the triumvirates and emperors made. They had no real power to vote becuase this was almost given solely to the emperor(s).

Works Cited
Athens info-www.tbns.net/eggy/class2/classics020206.doc
Athens info-ttp://www.luc.edu/faculty/ldossey/athenssept11web.htm
Athens info-http://www.utexas.edu/courses/introtogreece/lecture01/img13ostraka.html

Roman Republic info-"Roman Government Creates Plebeian Tribunate, 494 B.C." DISCovering World History. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center - Gold. Gale. John Carroll School. 5 Nov. 2008 <." contentset="GSRC&type=" tabid="T001&prodId=" docid="EJ2105240240&source=" srcprod="SRCG&userGroupName=" version="1.0">." contentset="GSRC&type=" tabid="T001&prodId=" docid="EJ2105240240&source=" srcprod="SRCG&userGroupName=" version="1.0">.">http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/infomark.do?&contentSet=GSRC&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=SRC-1&docId=EJ2105240240&source=gale&srcprod=SRCG&userGroupName=bel71807&version=1.0>.

Roman Empire info-
http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/retrieve.do?subjectParam=Locale%2528en%252C%252C%2529%253AFQE%253D%2528su%252CNone%252C12%2529Roman%2BEmpire%2524&contentSet=GSRC&sort=Relevance&tabID=T001&sgCurrentPosition=0&subjectAction=DISPLAY_SUBJECTS&prodId=SRC-1&searchId=R9&currentPosition=3&userGroupName=bel71807&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&sgHitCountType=None&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28SU%2CNone%2C12%29Roman+Empire%24&inPS=true&searchType=BasicSearchForm&displaySubject=&docId=EJ2173150027&docType=GSRC

The U.S. voting practice is most closely based upon the Athenian democracy. Athens also believed in freedom of speech and capitalism. The United States has the branches of governments that can keep each other in check and are influenced by the wishes of the people.

Of these three voting practices I think the democracy of Athens is the best voting practice and the Roman Empire's is the worst. This is different becuase there seems to have been a retrogression instead of progression in creating a solid government of the people.

In an ideal world I think the voting practices would be a combination of the United States voting practices and the Athens voting practices. This would create a truely solid government that is all around affected by the people, which could even have there own branch.

Chapter 7 Optional Exercises Translations

8. My time for peace is small.
9. Your courage is important.
10. Money is nothing without good character.
11. The virtues of many human beings are great.
12. The character of a good man will be good.
13. They will give a letterto the man.
14. We were able to see many men in the important nation.
15. We were seeing a great love of many in many men.
16. Few men give attention to excellence.
17. Our state will give leisure to many men.
18. Peace can not be perpetual.
19. The states of our times will not be strong without good peace.
20. Times are bad after many wars.
21. In many states and lands peace could not be strong.
22. Without great labor men will have nothing.
23. The beautiful maiden loves friends of good character.
24. Men of great courage were daring to overcome tyrants,
25. Love of country was strong in our state.

Werewolves of the Ancient World

The werewolf has captured human imagination for centuries. "Werewolf" literally means "man wolf". Werewolves practice lycanthropy. Lycanthropy is the magical ability to assume the form and characteristics of a wolf.

The story began that a Greek king (King Lycaeon) decided to sacrifice his son to Zeus. The gods were angered as it was the last straw and Zeus turned Lycaeon into a wolf. Afterwards a cult formed about this event. It was called the Zeus Lycaeus cult.

Werewolves were highly believed in in Europe during the Middle Ages. They were taken so seriously that they were burned alive with supposed witches. They were thought to be servants of the devil, like witches. Werewolves were thought to have made pacts with the devil and sold their souls.

Ghosts in the Ancient World

The ghosts of the ancient Romans are referred to as shades of the dead, who were honored or propitiated by means of festivals throughout the year. There were several types of Roman ghosts, particularly Manes (Di manes), Lares, and Lemures. The ghosts were also known as umbrae (which translates as 'shades', as in "umbrella"), imagines, and species. There were two main festivals to celebrate the ghosts of the dead, which were the Parentalia and the Lemuria. During the 10 day Parentlia most business, etc. was shut down. This took place in cemeteries. The Lemuria was 3 days long and took place in the home. Romans often performed rituals for the dead, which sometimes included offerings. There is no definite fact that says that Romans belived in ghosts, but they definitely celebrated them.

Chapter 8 Test (Part II-S.A. Odd)

1. My brother always leads his life in peace.
3. Oh friend, we destroy liberty.
5. We never conquer danger without danger.
7. Catullus thanks the great Marco Tullio Ciceroni.
9. Agamemnon will lead the great abundance from the land Graeca up to Troiam, where many will kill men.

Chapter 8 Test (Part I-paradigms)

agere-to lead
Present, Future, Imperfect

Present Indicative Active
ago
agis
agit
agimus
agitis
agunt

Future Indicative Active
agam
ages
aget
agemus
agetis
agent

Imperfect Indicative Active
agebam
agebas
agebat
agebamus
agebatis
agebant

Cleobus and Biton Research

Cleobus and Biton were of the Argive race. On the day of the festival of Juno, they wished to take their mother to Juno's temple, becuase she visited yearly. The oxen were away so they pulled their mother over 5 miles in the heat of the day to the temple. Becuase of their loving act, they achieved "the highest blessing to which mortals can attain." They brothers fell asleep in the temple and never woke up. They died without pain.

Cleobis and Biton Translation

Cleobis and Biton were the sons of Cydippe. Cydippe was the priestess of the goddess Juno. Cydippe was desiring to see a great statue of Juno. But the statue was far away, and Cydippe was not able to walk; the boys were not considering oxen. Cleobis and Biton were loving Cydippe; therefore, they themselves were pulling a wagon. The labor was difficult, but the sons of Cydippe were strong. Now Cydippe was able to see the statue; wherefore, she prayed to Juno: "Oh, beautiful goddess! Cleobis and Biton were having good morals and virtue. Therefore, give my sons the best reward." Because of the prayer of Cydippe, Juno, without delay, gave the boys death without pain. Cleobis and Biton now are happy in perpetual peace.

S.A. Chapter 8 evens

2. Come, come! Help me! Lead me to my second son.
4. New danger set forth without delay on the Roman population.
6. I am able to demonstrate from my human mistake right road.
8. You attract extraordinary form of human maiden eyes.

Vocab Chapter 8 Quiz

1. copia-abundance
2. laus-praise
3. ratio-reckoning
4. soror-sister
5. disco-to learn
6. doceo-to teach
7. duco-to lead
8. gero-to carry
9. scribo-to write
10. traho-to draw

bonus
1. vinco-to overcome

Roman Engineering

The Romans have been known for their remarkable skill at building and engineering, even since the earliest times. They made bridges across the Tiber River. They constucted a great system of water distribution with aqueducts. The Romans built hundreds of mile of aqueducts that supplied Rome with a fresh water supply. They were also of the few to have sewers to drain the Forum so that the cities were cleaner and healthier. As Rome grew, developed, and conquered, they created roadways across the Empire, which were an amazing feat at the time.
The military engineers and Rome were skilled surveyors that designed numerous expansive projects in the areas that the troops aided in building. A great network of roads, bridges, and canals were built. Also fortified camps, frontier walls, arches, baths, and temples were built.

Emperor Augustus boasted that he found a city of stone and left it a city of marble. At the end of his reign, a good amount of Rome's buildings were of marble. Romans made a great use of concrete, and eventually used waterproof concrete.

The Romans made many advancements in engineering and were the head of the breakthroughs in engineering at the time.

The Coliseum and it's Architecture

The Coliseum is the largest and most widely known Roman amphitheater. It was originally called the Flavian Amphitheater. The Coliseum was started by Emperor Vespasian and was dedicated by his son, Titus. Vespasian's younger son succeeded Titus and under his rule the Coliseum was completed. The Coliseum was elliptical and had 4 stories. The Coliseum utilized over 240 arches, travertine posts, and columns. The seating capacity was believed to be over 50,000. The area inside the Coliseum was a pit surrounded by high walls, which were used to protect the crowd from the wild animals that were often used in the arena. The pit had a sand covered floor, which rested above substructures where animal dens, elevators, and other mechanisms have been found. Gladiators and animals fought in the arena (for more information on gladiators, see Roman Gladiator post). Combat between gladiators was abolished in 404 A.D. and the last recorded fight betwen animals was held in 523 A.D.

Over the years natural disasters affected the Coliseum and it had been restored by the Romans a few times. In 1995 a major restoration occurred so the structure would hold and more of the Coliseum would be open to the public.

Chapter 7 Test

S.A. Ch. 7 #1-10
1. I am a human being.
2. Nothing under the sun is new.
3. I sing the new song about the youth to the maidens and the boys now.
4. You praise fortune and the morals of the ancient people.
5. They hate to sin becuase good men have a love of virtue.
6. Under the chief you dare harsh evil times are good.
7. The foolish population often gives unworthy men office.
8. We always see foolish names on the wall of a building and gate.
9. Death is peace without words.
10. Many nations are able to tolerate servitude; our state is not able to. Remarkable is liberty recovery.

The Rape of Lucretia
Tarquinius Superbus was the king of Rome, and Tarquinius Sextus was the son of the evil tyrant. Sextus raped Lucretia, wife of Collatini, and the good woman, on account of her great love of virtue, she killed herself. The ancient Romans always praised the virtue and spirit of Lucretia and they blame the Tarquins.

Catullus Dedicates his Poetry Book
Cornelius, great wisdom man, I shall give a new beautiful book. Cornelius, my friend, you were always praising my books, and are the scholarly teacher of the letter! Therefore, regard my new labor; the book's fame (and your fame) will be perpetual.

Latin Help-verbs from IO

Amabat-he, she, it loves
Metuebat-he, she, it was fearing
Mutavit-he changed
Videbit-he, she, it shall see
Cogitabat-he, she, it, was thinking
Erat-he, she, it, was
Habesne-you possess
Dabisne-you ought to
Amas-you love
Dedit-he gave
Remanebat-it was remaining
Habebat-he, she, it was having
Superavit-he conquered
Erat-he, she, it was
Manebat-he, she, it, was remaining
Errabat-he, she, it was wandering
Videbat-he, she, it, was seeing
Habebat-he, she, it was having
Habebisne-you shall have?

Chapter 7 Vocab

1. amore- love
2. civitas-state
3. homo-human being
4. littera- letter of the alphabet
5. nomen-name
6. regina-queen
7. tempus-time
8. uxor-wife
9. virtus-courage
10. novus-new
Bonus
1. audeo-to dare
2. neco-to kill, murder

The Curse of Atreus

Atreus and Thyeste are the sons of Pelopis. Thyestes seduces Atreus's wife; at the time, he was not able to truly tolerate the discovery. Plot, therefore, against a brother, he thought; "You are abundantly angry. Becuase of you my few sons cut up and killed their brother. Then I ought to cook he and Thyestes for dinner. He killed the boys; Thyestes saw his own dead boys on the table. Oh, unfortunate Thyestes! He did not have anything. But, Oh Atreus, becuase of your great and true sons you ought to have great penalty. In our evil sons remains your ancient blame; it was perpetual. You ought to think of an ambush, oh Atreus? Your anger is not able to overcome; evil, therefore, is always your reputation. You are turly praised, but have many faults.

Chapter 6 Paradigm Test

1. Sum Present Act. Ind.
sum-to be
sum
es
estis
sumus
e
sunt

2. Sum Imperfect Active Ind.
sum-to be
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
3. Sum Future Act. Ind.
sum-to be
eram
eras
erat
eramus
eratis
erant
1. Possum Present Act. Ind.
possum- to be able
Possum
potes
potest
possumus
potestis
possunt
2. Possum Imperfect Active Indicative
possum-to be able
Potero
poteris
poterit
poterimus
poterunt
3. Possum Future Act. Ind.
possum-to be ablhe
poteram
poteras
poterat
poteramus
poteratis
poterant

Chapter 6 Optional Exercises

#'s 6-24
6. Your country was free.
7. I was able to be a tyrant.
8. Your friend will be a tyrant.
9. Where there is a tyrant, there are men that are not able to be free.
10. He could not remain in our contry yesterday.
11. Tyrants will always have many faults.
12. We were not able to overcome the tyrants.
13. We ought to overcome our tyrant.
14. The tyrant was able to overcome good men; but he willl not be able to remain there.
15. You will be able to see the dangers of a tyrant.
16. We cannot tolerate the fualts of tyrants.
17. You were not tolerating the treachery of the tyrant.
18. The pleasure in your fatherland cannot be perpetual.
19. You ought to warn free men about tyrants.
20. Your teacher schoolmaster always used to like fine books.
21. Good and true books were able to save the country.
22. You willl be able to preserve your country with good books.
23. Tyrants will not be able to be above the wisdom of good books.
24. Bad men cannot tolerate good books.

Chapter 6 Vocab

1. dea-goddess
2. discipula-student
3. insidiae-ambush
4. liber-book
5. tyrannus-tyrant
6. vitium-crime
7. Graecus- Greek
8. perpetuus-perpetual
9. plenus-abundant
10. salvus-safe

Bonus;
1. secundus-second
2. possum-to be able

Roman Gladiators

Gladiator is from the Latin "gladius" which means "sword". Gladiators were professional fighters who battled for the enjoyment of the audience in the ampitheathers they performed in. The Coliseum was the most famous amphitheater that gladiators fought in (see The Coliseum and it's Architecture post). Gladiators were mostly males and were mostly slaves, condemned criminals, prisoners of war, and sometimes Christians. The largest amount of gladiators in one event was 5000 pairs of fighters. They were forced to become swordsmen and trained in schools called ludi. Special measures were taken to prevent them from commiting suicide. A successful gladiator received great acclaim. He was pampered and sometimes portrayed on art. Some gladiators who survived were let free. Occasionally, freedmen and Roman citizens fought, and once the mad Emperor Commodus entered the arena. The classes of fighters were light armored or heavy armored. The retiarius (net man) tried to entangle the fully armed secutor (pursuer) with a net and then kill him with a trident. Other classes fought with different weapons, and sometimes used horses or chariots. According to tradition, when a gladiator overpowered his opponent, he looked to the crowd to decide wether he should live or die. The crowd waved handkercheifs if they wanted the felled gladiator to be spared and turned down their thumbs if they wished for his death. Gladiator matched continued until A.D. 500.

Roman Architecture

Roman architecture was varied, and different attributes of architecture were unique to certain areas. Monuments and buildings were made for the need of the patron and did not reflect the temperament of the architect, so few names are known of Roman architects. In the beginning, cities were not planned, but in the later Roman Republic the idea of city planning was adopted and cities became uniform. Cities were rectangular and had two main streets. In the center of the city was normally the forum, the Senate house, records office, and the basilica.

Quarried stone, timber beams, terra-cotta tiles, and plaques were the esential building materials of the time. The stone used varied from travertine to marble. The invention of concrete revolutionized the history of architecture and made it possible to construct a wider variety of buildings than the older method(post-and-lintel system) allowed. One of the most famous concrete made temple is the Pantheon. Bricks then became a favorite for building large constructs. Architects were encouraged to use irregular styles to lend visual excitement to the buildings. Public buildings were often the grandest and costliest strcutures in the city, becuase of their architecture.

Roman Entertainment

Roman citizens had much free time becuase the slaves did most of the work. Events could be held during the day or night. Most were free so even the poor could attend. There were 3 main types of entertainment: theatrical performances, chariot races, and gladiator fights. Men competed in many activities. The baths were an important part of everyday life. There men could socialize, exercise, and more. Many games were played in ancient Rome including dice, marbles, and knucklebones(jacks made from animal bones). Roman children had many toys we still use today like scooters, jumpropes, kites, yo-yos, dolls, noisemakers, piggybanks, etc. Romans played ball games and games similar to checkers. Romans were a very active people.

Roman Art

Roman art is divided into two major periods: art of the Roman Republic and art of the Roman Empire. At first, Roman art was mainly affected by its Etruscan past. Then, as Rome expanded, Romans were exposed to many varying forms of art. As a result, a different form of building, sculpting, and painting emerged. As the Roman civilization grew, they encountered many different artistic cultures, and so Roman art also varied by what region of Rome you were in. Roman art was not just the art of the upper class. It was also the art of the business men, freedmen, slaves, and more. Although much Roman art has survived, not many names of Roman artists are known.

The picture is an example to Roman art. This picture depicts Zeus on his throne.

Chapter 5 Test rest of test

5 S.A. questions

3. Narrow minds love money.

5. The blame is mine, oh friend.
8. Please, take care of my duaghter.
9. Human life is punishment.
10. Is healthy enough for you?

A Soldier's Humor
"Our army is great, " a Persian says, "and becuase of the number of our arrows you will not see heaven!" Then a Spartan answered: "In shadow, therefore, we fight!" And Leonidas, king of the Spartans, shouts: "Fight with spirit, Spartans; Today, perhaps we shall dine among the dead!"

Chapter 5 Test

Future Ind. Act. for luadare
luadare-to praise
Sing.
luadabo
luadabis
luadabit
Plural
luadabimus
luadabitis
luadabunt


Future Ind. Act. for monere
monere-to advise, warn
Sing.
monebo
monebis
monebit
Plural
monebimus
monebitis
monebunt


Imperfect Ind. Act. for luadare
luadare-to praise
Sing.
luadabam
laudabas
luadabat
Plural
luadabamus
luadabatis
luadabant


Imperfect Ind. Act. for monere
monere-to advise, warn
Sing.
monebam
monebas
monebat
Plural
monebamus
monebatis
monebant

Present Ind. Act.
luadare-to praise
Sing.
luado
laudas
luadat
Plural
luadamus
luadatis
luadant

Jupiter

Jupiter is the king of the gods, sky, and weather.
He is also god of fate of men and nations, law, justice, and moral conduct.
He was widely worshipped across all of Rome.
He is praised in many sanctuaries and shrines.
Jupiter is normally portrayed as a regal, bearded man.
Jupiter's signature weapon was a lightning bolt and he usually had a royal scepter and eagle.

Little poem I just made up...

Jupiter, king of the sky,

Jupiter, ever so high,

was a god of moral conduct,

but why had he never had much moral conduct?

We do not know why,

that the king of the sky,

was never a truely good guy.

The Adventures of Io

Jupiter, king of the gods, was loving pretty Io, but was fearing Juno's anger. Therefore, he changed Io's form. "Juno will not see a woman, but a cow", Jupiter was thinking. Juno was not foolish. "You possess a gift, my man? You ought to give the pretty cow to Juno? Give it, if you do love me!" Therefore, Jupiter gave the cow to Juno. The cow was remaining with the great watchmen, Argus. Argus was having 100 eyes. Mercury overcame Argus, but Io was not yet free. a wicked gadfly was remaining with the cow. Io was wandering through the land. Many people were seeing, but Io was not having her own true form. Unfortunate woman! Will you always have the form of a cow? Is your penalty enough?
Juno's anger was not perpetual. Jupiter gave Io a human form; then Io gave birth to a son. The 100 eyes of Argus you will see on a peacock's tail.

Sententiae Antiquae Chapter 5 evens

2. Danger, therefore, was remaining yesterday?
4. Overcome your spirits and anger.
6. Give pardon to our son and daughter.
8. Please, take care of my duaghter.
10. Are you healthy enough?
12. Your fame and glory will always remain.

Vocab Quiz 5

1. adulescentia-youth
2. animus-spirit
3. caelum-sky, heaven
4. culpa-blame
5. gloria-glory
6. verbum-word
7. te-you
8. liber-free
9. noster-our
10. pulcher-beautiful
11. sanus-sane
12. igitur-therefore
13. propter-becuase of
14. cras-tomorrow
15. heri-yesterday
16. quando-when
17. satis-enough
18. tum-then
19. ceno-to dine
20. culpo-to blame

bonus
1. remeneo-to remain
2. supero-to be above
3. basium-kiss
4. bellum-war
5. consilium-counsel

Chapter 4 Test(S.A.and The Tragic Story of Phaethon

S.A. Chapter 4 #s 1-10(TEST)
1. Fortune is blind.
2. If there are truly dangers, you are unfortunate.
3. Greetings, oh friend; you are a good man.
4. Your son’s reputation is not pretty.
5. Making mistakes is human.
6. No one is wholly fortunate.
7. The cure to anger is delay.
8. Good Daphnis, my friend, loves the peaceful life of the farmer.
9. The teachers often give the little boys a cookie and gift.
10. I love my girlfriend more than my eyes.
The Tragic Story of Phaethon
Phaethon is the son of Phoebus. Phaethon’s friends doubted his divine origin, “You are not the son of the gods. You do not have godly powers. Your tale is not true. “Phaethon moved with great anger, “I am the son of the gods! Phoebus, give them a sign!” called Phaethon. Phoebus listened to his boy and without delay flew down from the heavens. “Oh my son, what do you desire?”Phoebus inquired. “Money? Wisdom? Life without anxiety?” Phaethon answered, “I desire to strap reins and drive the chariot of the son.” Oh, foolish boy! Evil is your counsel. You ought not to desire godly service. Phoebus warned his son, but the boy did not know the great danger on his life. The horse was powerful; Phaethon had no power. A chariot without a true master wanders in the heavens. What do we see? Phaethon falls down from the heavens. Oh, misfortune!

Chapter 4 Test paradigms

1. donum-gift
Singular Plural
donum dona
doni donarum
dono donis
donum dona
dono donis
2. consilium-counsel
Singular Plural
Consilium consilia
Consilii consiliarum
Consilio consiliis
Consilium consilia
Concilio consiliis

Sententiae Antiquae Chapter 4

Fortune is blind.
Greetings, oh friend; you are a good man.
To make mistakes is human.
The cure to anger is delay.
The teachers give to the small boys cookies and a gift.
Hello, my pretty girl-give to me many kisses, please!
My duty calls.

Vocab Quiz Chapter 4

1. basium-kiss
2. bellum-war
3. consilium-counsel
4. cura-care
5. donam-gift
6. exitium-destruction, ruin
7. magister-schoolmaster, schoolmistress
8. mora-delay
9. nihil-nothing
10. oculus-eye

Bonus:
officium-duty
otium-leisure
periculum-danger, risk

MAJOR ROMAN DIETIES

These are the more popular Roman gods and goddesses, so I guess these were the cheerleaders and jocks of Mount Olympus High. Wait, does it work that way for gods? Maybe it is becuase of how important their powers were. That would mean Jupiter could have been a band geek. Burn!

Apollo-truthful god of light
Ceres-goddess of agriculture and marriage
Diana-hunter goddess of the moon and fertility
Juno-Queen of the goddesses
Jupiter-Ruler of the gods
Mars-god of war
Mercury-god of trade
Minerva-goddess of wisdom and learning
Neptune-god of the sea
Venus-goddess of love and beauty
Vesta-goddess of fire
Vulcan-god of fire, craftsmen, and blacksmiths
(in my opinion, the coolest of the Roman gods)

The Gods' favorite phrases

If the gods ever had a product to sell, this would be the motto on the label.

Apollo-"Ad lucem" - Towards the light
Ceres-"Aio, quantitas magna frumentorum est" - Yes, that is a very large amount of corn
Diana-"Ex luna sapientia"-From the moon, knowledge
Juno-"Ad augusta per angusta" - To high places by narrow roads
Jupiter-"A Deo et Rege"-From God and the King
Mars-"Abyssuss abyssum invocat"-Hell calls hell
Mercury-"Appareo decet nihil munditia?" - Is it not nifty?
Minerva-"Accipere quam facere praestat injuriam" - It is better to suffer an injustice than to do an injustice
Neptune-"A mari usque ad mare"-From sea to sea
Venus-"Ab imo pectore"-From the bottom of the chest (from the heart)
Vesta-"In fortitudine ignis"-Courage in fire
Vulcan-"Ex igne victoria"-Out of fire, victory